New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from power

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE BASED MODEL DESIGN FOR SHORT TERM LOAD FORECAST IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM by Manmeet Kaur 

Abstract

Future electric load, historical electric load data, weather information, and predicted weather information is predicted and the process is called Electric load Forecasting. Various models have been developed to predict the electric load more precisely. It is divided in three types Long-

 term load forecasting

 Medium-term forecasting

 Short-term forecasting

Long-term electric load forecasting: - it is used to predict the requirement for spreading out the system, purchasing new machinery, and staff requirement for smooth conduct. Medium-term forecasting:- it is used for the function of arrangement of fuel supplies and division repairs. Short-term forecasting:- in this predication method important information for the smooth conduct of system

management is given. In the present work, the center of attention is on short-term load forecasting (STLF). In this type of prediction method time horizon is predicted from 1 hour to 1 week. Short-term load forecasting has various other benefits for e.g it helps cut the spinning reserve power and make the proper plan for instrument maintenance. A new loom will be developed by this study for the the prediction of load in power grid system. Data is divided into various parts by using KNN and after that SVM classifier is put into practice for dividing, instructing checking the data. Accuracy, Mean square error, mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error and error rate is enhanced by the permutation of KNN and SVM. The examination of normal SVM based load forecasting system is performed in the present study with help of MATLAB. Three scale is set to illustrate the proposed method is important and efficient to various other methods. The precision of work proposed is 95% to 100% . It is very high than the traditional system of work

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTIGATING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOCOMPOSITE ROD OF POLYLACTIC ACID REINFORCED WITH TREATED/UNTREATED SISAL FIBER

by Abhishek Punn 

Abstract

Depletion of natural resources and increase in the use of the plastics has encouraged researchers to develop material that are eco-friendly with environment. This leads to development of new components that are alternative to the present material. In this thesis work, an effort has been made to develop biocomposite rod by reinforcing different sisal fiber fraction in Polylactic Acid (PLA). Standard tensile and flexural specimens have been prepared using single screw extruder as per ASTM D7205 and ASTM 4476 respectively. Maximum tensile strength 35.4 Mpa for 3wt% and maximum flexural strength 9.25 MPa for 3wt% has been attained. Maximum hardness from shore D hardness is 84 for 1 wt% treated fiber and 82.33 for 3wt% for untreated fiber has been attained. Tensile and flexural strength results showed that there is increase in strength of composite for treated fiber as compared with virgin sample but for untreated fiber reinforced composite strength decreases than virgin sample. This decrease in strength is due to weak interface between fiber and matrix analysed by the SEM images. SEM images at fracture surface shows that there are no voids observed in the virgin PLA sample but voids and fiber pull outs in untreated fiber sample are more as compared with SEM images of treated fiber.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF FINITE ELEMENTS USED FOR RC SLAB by Gurjot Kaur 

Abstract

RC Structures are mostly used in many cases of Engineering applications. Many computer programs are used in the analysis of FEA. Finite Element Analysis is faster than experimental method. Different FEM software analyse the situations of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Here in this study, performance of finite elements used for RC square and rectangular slabs are studied. FEM software ATENA, ANSYS and ABAQUS are used for 2d and 3d analysis. Different displacement functions for 3d and 2d analysis are to be studied. Choosing the elements for the required problem is very important task. Different Elements for different nodes in case of plate and RC slab for ATENA, ANSYS and ABAQUS software with appropriate mesh sizes are used. Square and Rectangular slabs are solved under the uniform distributed loading and fixed boundary conditions for 2d and 3d analysis. These results are compared with experimental work to assess the suitability and range of elements. These software gave the load deflection curves, ultimate load results, Total time taken, model memory parameters.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

COMPUTER AIDED CODE COMPLIANCE OF RC SLAB by Nirbhay Chauhan 

Abstract

Several fascinating innovations are being introduced every day in the AEC (Architectural, Engineering and Construction) industries. BIM (Building Information Modelling) is like a revolution in the AEC market. Gone are the days when designers and architects used to work on large drawing sheets and 2D CAD applications. Researchers are working on various technologies like AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality) to link it up with BIM to experiment the significances of virtual realities. Automation in design is another important process that catches the attention of many researchers and experts of AEC industry and the advent of the code compliance in BIM is one of the essential factor for its accomplishment. We reside in a structured surrounding built in accordance to some rules and regulations to safeguard our life and safety. A building relies on several rules and checks throughout its lifecycle. The designers make sure that each and every characteristic of their proposed building design has passed the required design checks. Then after the required revisions and modifications the building design is approved. Code compliance or code checking is a tiresome task of verifying a particular country’s building design codes to a building to find out possible errors in the design and then making the required revisions. This results in a plenty of manual work that causes ambiguity and delay in the completion of the project. However, such unwanted problems can be eradicated by automating the code compliance system with BIM. This target can be achieved by coding a rule-based engine that can save the particular country’s building design code and its desired clauses, and finally compiling the BIM model with them to solve out the errors. A code-compliance system can be successfully implemented only when, the rules are interpreted accurately, making them under the user’s command and effortless in manipulating into a system.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT CORROSION ON UNCOATED

AND COATED BOILER STEEL by Arun Shah 

Abstract

Degradation of material at high temperature is a serious problem in several high tech industries. Now a days hot corrosion is a serious problem in power generation equipment, gas turbines and chemical plants which ultimately lead to the failure of the metallic components. In the present study, 316L, boiler steel recently being used in thermal power plant, has been investigated for its high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion behavior. The coatings AlCrN and TiAlN were deposited on the surface of specimen by D.C magnetron sputtering of physical vapour deposition technique of. The uncoated as well as coated 316L samples were subjected to cyclic high temperature oxidation in air at 900°C and hot corrosion in molten salt environment of Na2SO4 at 900°C, for 75 cycles. The protection obtained against hot corrosion was in the following sequence: TiAlN coated>AlCrN coated > uncoated 316L boiler steel.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SHUNTING EFFECT IN RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF MILD STEEL by Ratanjot Singh Lamba 

Abstract

Resistance Spot Welding is the most widely used welding technique for joining the sheet metal parts. This research work is mainly focused on the shunting effect which is encountered frequently in the spot weld operations. In many applications, several spot welds are made closer to each other. The second spot made after the first spot may encounter a reduction in its nugget diameter due to the shunt effect. In this present study, the effect of weld distance, weld current and weld time have been studied on the shunted nugget diameter and micro hardness of the weld joint. Optimization of the weld parameters for the second spot weld has also been done using Taguchi method for obtaining the maximum breaking strength of the welded joint. The results showed that a smaller weld spacing promotes more shunting whereas increasing the weld current for the shunted spot eliminates shunting. The weld current had the maximum contribution to reduce the shunting followed by weld distance and weld time. Optimization results showed that increasing the weld current is better option as compared to increasing the weld distance to reduce shunting as increase in welding distance adversely affects the breaking strength of the weld joint.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

EFFECT OF SLURRY EROSION ON CF8M TURBINE STEEL by Amandeep Kumar

Abstract

Slurry erosion of hydro turbine steel is very common problem in hydro power station where the electric energy is produced by converting the kinetic energy and the pressure energy of water by the turbine blades. When the water comes from hills number of sand particles mix with water and form slurry. When the sand particle size increases then the problem of slurry erosion, in nozzle, gates, agriculture components, pumps, hydraulic components increases. Number of methods has been used for enhancing the life of turbine blades. Protective coatings increase the life of base ma-terial. In this study, slurry erosion performance of CF8M turbine steel has been investigated at 30° angle by changing the parameters i.e stand off distance and slurry concentration. The sand used to perform the experiment was natural sand. By changing the parameter stand of distance and slurry concentration total number of four experiments were performed with uncoated samples and coated samples. Nano coating of TiAlN and AlCrN was selected to protect the material. SEM/EDAX analysis was used to know the morphology of coatings. The most extreme weight reduction occurred when stand of distance was 20mm and the slurry con-centration 20000ppm. But lesser erosion rate showed when the stand of distance was 25mm, slurry concentration was 15000ppm. TiAlN and AlCrN coated samples have more erosion resistance as compared to uncoated samples.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

BEHAVIOUR OF Cr3C2–NiCr & Al2O3-40%TiO2 COATED SS-316 BOILER STEEL WITH RESPECT TO LOW TEMPERATURE HOT CORROSION AND HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT CORROSION by Pawandeep Singh 

Abstract

Hot corrosion is the major problem occur in boilers and its components. It happens when temperature

range of 650-9000C is used for heating of metals in sulphate environment, due to the reaction between sulphur compounds and sodium chloride in gas phase around the metals then hot corrosion takes place. Principal agent which causes the hot corrosion is molten sodium sulphate. In the present study SS-316 boiler steel has been investigated for low temperature and high temperature hot corrosion with respect to molten salt environment and oxidation behaviour. D-Gun spray process was used for coating of SS-316 boiler steel with Cr3C2–NiCr & Al2O3-40%TiO2 powders. Cr3C2– NiCr & Al2O3-40%TiO2 coated specimens were subjected to low temperature hot corrosion at 6500C and high temperature hot corrosion at 9000C in the presence of Na2SO4 molten salt environment for 75 cycles. Coating was analyzed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), For both low and high temperature hot corrosion Cr3C2–NiCr coating has shown better oxidation resistance than Al2O3-40%TiO2 coating. Weight change measurements indicated higher weight gain of Al2O3-40%TiO2 coated sample than Cr3C2–NiCr coated sample.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL FIBRE EMBEDDED BIODEGRADABLE POROUS STRUCTURE PREPARED BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING by Amarveer Singh Mangat 

Abstract

Additive manufacturing is being widely used for various constructional, mechanical and medical

applications. Fused deposition modelling is one of the rapidly growing technologies amongst others that has gained wide popularity owing to its excellent suitability for building various medical constructions. In this research work, a new methodology has been adopted for the development of natural fibre embedded laminated structure. Natural fibres such as sheep wool and silk were collected and chemically cleaned for making these suitable for biomedical applications. Various process parameters (Type of fibres, number of laminates, infill density and raster angle) were selected and their effects have been studied with the help of design of experimentation and analysis of variance. In this work, different mechanical (tensile, flexural, dimensional accuracy and hardness) and chemical (cell culture and Anti-bacterial) properties were tested. Overall, the outcomes of the study are encouraging and helpful for the selection of appropriate process parameters and their levels. It has been found that the tensile and flexural strength were affected by number of laminates and infill density, whereas elongation was affected by type of fibre and number of laminates, similarly hardness and dimensional accuracy were affected by type of fibre, number of laminates and infill density. All observation were found significant at 95% confidence level. Moreover, the chemical characterization confirmed the suitability of the produced structures for scaffold and other tissue engineering applications

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

FRICTION CRUSH WELDING OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL SHEETMETAL WORKPIECES

by Manpreet Singh 

Abstarct

AISI 304 stainless steel is widely used in engineering applications particularly in paper, chemical and food processing industry. Friction crush welding (FCW) is type of friction welding, where there is a relative motion between the tool and workpiece. In FCW process, the tool rotates with a constant speed and workpieces (which are going to be weld at edges) are transversely fed at a constant rate. Workpieces are prepared with flanged edges and then placed against each other and disc shaped tool makes frictional contact with the edges of the workpieces. Crushing action takes place at contact area of tool and workpieces which leads to welding. In the present work, Taguchi L9 Design of Experiments (DOE) technique was used to investigate the affect of tool profile, welding speed and RPM on bond strength and hardness of the joint. Tool profile has the greatest influence on weld properties as compared to other parameters. For improving bond strength, tool profile has highest contribution of 77.13% followed by RPM -20.27% and feed rate -2.55%. For improvement in hardness, tool profile has highest contribution of 72.68% followed by feed rate -17.74% and RPM-9.13%.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF BRICK KILN DUST AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON STRENGTH AND SWELLING INDEX OF EXPANSIVE SOIL by Zark K. Khan 

Abstract

This research is carried on the expansive soil, which has weak strength, swelling and shrinkage problems. Available soil is clayey soil, which is converted into expansive soil by the addition of 20% Bentonite. After adding 20%bentonite in the clayey soil, liquid limit increases from 41% to 74% and plasticity index increases from 19.3% to 49.5%. Results show that clayey soil converts into an expansive soil. Research aims in increasing its strength and also improving its swelling characteristics. For this purpose, additives are added in the soil to enhance its properties. Brick kiln dust and calcium chloride are the additives used in different proportions for the study. Brick kiln dust is used indifferent proportions as a replacement of soil at 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight. Compaction test and CBR test are carried out on virgin expansive soil and also on the soil treated with different proportions of brick kiln dust. Results obtained shows that MDD increases while OMC decreases with the increase in brick kiln dust content. CBR test result shows that CBR value increases with the increase in brick kiln dust content. The highest value of CBR is achieved at 20% BKD by weight. The 20% BKD is the optimized value which is added in the expansive soil in combination with the different proportions of calcium chloride. The proportions of calcium chloride added as a replacement of 20%BKD treated soil are 1%, 3% and 5%. Compaction test, CBR test, UCS tests and free swell index test are performed on the calcium chloride treated soil. Compaction test shows that with increase in calcium chloride content, there is increase in MDD and decrease in OMC of treated soil. CBR test result shows that CBR increases by adding 1% and 3% calcium chloride content while with the addition of 5% calcium chloride by weight, CBR decreases. UCS test shows that by the addition of 1% and 3% calcium chloride content UCS value improves while with the addition of 5% calcium chloride by weight UCS value decreases. Free swell index test shows a significant improvement by adding calcium chloride in the treated soil. Maximum decrease in the swell is achieved at 5% calcium chloride content. These results show that strength and swell characteristics of expansive soil improve with the addition of brick kiln dust and calcium chloride in the expansive soil. Thus both brick kiln dust and calcium chloride can be used as a good stabilizer for expansive soil.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

PERFORMANCE OF NYLON-6 ROD WITH RESPECT TO EXTRUSION PROCESS by Saurabh Malpotra

Abstract

Single screw extrusion is one of the key operations in polymer handling and is likewise a key segment in numerous other preparing operations. There are many process parameters for single screw extruder namely, dies temperature, barrel temperature, screw speed, die angle, mixing ratio and material composition. These parameters and their interaction have been investigated by different researcher for better quality outcomes. The present work studies the influence of three main process parameter namely, die temperature, barrel temperature and screw speed on the mechanical properties of Nylon6 (M-28RC grade) rods (as per ASTM standard). The critical process parameters were optimized using Taguchi L9 OA and ANOVA variance for achieving high tensile strength and %elongation. Further, the optimized results have been investigated using ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 (CFD). The results of the study reveal that screw speed is the most contributing factor to control tensile strength and %elongation for extruding the rod. The effect of process parameters on the fluid flowing inside the die of single screw extruder were investigated and compared using CFD analysis

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from power

A Novel IWD Algorithm Based Stability Improvement of PV-Hydro System by Sumanjot Singh Sidhu 

Abstract

In the energy sector, PV hydro cells have been utilized from many years. But, lately PV hydro cells are seen for exploitation in industries or in market. Moreover, the usage of fossil fuels has been reduced due to which contribution of PV hydro cell in the market has been increasing. One of the main reasons for the advancement of PV hydro cells is the growth in the new technology. But also there are some factors and challenges for the PV hydro cell. Our focus in this research area is to discover the highest output from the cell. A novel Intelligent Water Drop algorithm proposed which is used to make the system more stable and efficient. The objective of using this technique is to reduce THD value of the system. The firing angle’s optimal value is evaluated then it is fed in to the Boost converter. The results are compared and it can be concluded that IWD algorithm relied on the MPPT performs quite good.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from computer

REAL-TIME EYE DETECTION AND TRACKING METHOD FOR DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM by Staffi Verma

Abstract

Road accidents happen frequently and the main cause for this is driver‟s carelessness. This carelessness occurs due to driver fatigue, driver inattention, or driver drowsiness. Detection of this driver‟s carelessness and alerting the driver at right time is the main concern so as to reduce traffic accidents. Various statistics about traffic accidents due to driver‟s drowsiness or driver‟s distraction indicates the need for an efficient system which could alert the driver before some mishap occurs. When the driver is drowsy, it affects his/her alertness mentally, which decreases his/her ability to operate on vehicle properly and increases the risk of accident or mishap to occur. The drowsiness related accidents have caused a lot of damage to nature as well as human life which could lead to death of the person or a person can become physically or mentally handicapped and many other losses like financial loss. The ultimate goal of the system is to detect drowsiness or distraction condition of driver and alert the driver during day as well as at night. Real-time video acquisition starts by setting and starting the camera. The real time video is separated into frames and stored as images by taking snapshots of real time video at a regular interval. These images are used for further processing. By using Viola Jones algorithm, eye region is detected from the image and extracted from the whole video frame to reduce computation. If the eyes are not detected, then it indicates that the driver is distracted. If the eyes are detected, then the Circular Hough Transform technique is used to find the iris part of an eye which is further used to detect drowsiness of the driver. If the iris part of an eye is detected, then eyes are open, else the eyes are closed. The closed state of eyes indicates the drowsiness of the driver. After detecting the drowsiness or distraction of the driver, the alarm is raised to alert the driver before any mishap happens as safe driving is the major concern. Since the Circular Hough Transform technique highly depends upon the edge detector results, so the efficiency of this technique is reduced on low contrast images as well as the noisy images due to missing edge points. To improve this, input given to the Circular Hough Transform technique is a histogram equalized, grayscale image followed by median filtering instead of an edge detected image. The histogram equalization improves the global contrast of image to spread out most frequent intensity values. The median filter is applied so that the edges are preserved and noise, if any, is removed from the image. The proposed system has shown an accuracy of 99% during day time and an accuracy of 96% during night time. The proposed system outperformed the existing system and would be helpful to reduce drowsiness or distraction related traffic accidents and improve road safety.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND BIOENZYME ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL by Jagmohan Singh 

Abstract

Clays with intermediate plasticity (CI) are having very low shearing strength and low bearing capacity. Hence this type of soil is subjected to volumetric change with change in season and causes great damage to structures. The aim of present research is to increase strength of clayey soil having intermediate plasticity (CI) using baggase ash and bioanzyme (Renolith). Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. When this bagasse is burnt the resultant ash is called bagasse ash. Bio-enzyme is a natural, non toxic, non flammable, non-corrosive liquid enzyme formulation fermented from vegetable extracts that improves the engineering properties of soil, facilitates higher soil compaction densities and increases stability. In the present study the soil sample is taken from Gopalon village, district Fatehgarh Sahib. Various tests like specific gravity, liquid limit test, plastic limit test, modified proctor test, soaked CBR and UCS tests are performed on virgin soil sample and soil mixed with different proportions of bagasse ash and renolith. This soil which is taken for the study is classified as CI as per Indian Standard Classification System. In this study different ratios of baggase ash (3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15%) and bioenzymes (1%, 1.5% and 2%) of optimum dose of bagasse ash is used to stabilize the CI soil. The optimum percentage value of material used to stabilize the soil is 12% Bagasse ash and 1.5% Renolith of 12% Bagasse ash. After the addition of 12% Bagasse ash the maximum dry density decreased from 18.7 kN/m3 to 17.8 kN/m3 and optimum moisture content increased from 12% to 16%. At the optimum dosage of bagasse ash and renolith soaked CBR value is increased from 1.1% to 5.0%. The UCS value is increased from 238.5 kN/m2 to 515.6 kN/m2.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS PARAMETERS IN FRICTION CRUSH WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061-T6 BY TAGUCHI METHOD by Ajay Singh Jamwal 

Abstract

Aluminum 6061 T-6 is one of the alloys of aluminum which is extensively used in aerospace industries and has a wide application in this modern age of industries such as in ship-building and defense sector. Friction crush welding (FCW) is one of the forms of friction type welding, where there is a relative movement between the tool and work-piece. During the process, the edges of the aluminum 6061 T-6 parts to be joined are set up with flanged edges and afterward put against each other. A constant feed rate is given to the rotating disc, which moves transversally along the edged of work-piece, which leads to welding. By the action of crushing certain amount of flanged material into the gap by contacting material, formation of joint takes place. Taguchi method of Design of Experiments (DOE) is used to find optimal process parameters of Friction Crush Welding (FCW). Orthogonal Array L9, Signal to Noise ratio(S/N) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are applied to analyze the impact of welding parameters (Feed rate, RPM and Profile of tool) on the weld properties like bond strength and hardness of weld surface. The experimental observation reveals that profile of rotating tool plays a vital role in deciding bond strength of the weld and its contribution is almost 72.26% while in case of hardness of weld, RPM of rotating tool contributes a maximum percentage

of 86.5%.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES INDUCED DURING HOT ROLLING IN C45 STEEL GRADE by Balraj Singh 

Abstract

Rolling is one of the most important metal deforming operation in industry. The metal is plastically

deformed when it is passed through the combination of the rolls. By virtue of plastic deformation and the thermal gradient during cooling of rolled member residual stresses are developed. Residual stress cause the stress erosion, brittle fracture, fatigue and buckling. Effect of the residual stresses is favourable or detrimental which is determined by the nature and magnitude of the stress. In this research work, an attempt has been made to determine residual stress in rolled member analytically by finite element method and experimentally by hole drill method. A 3D finite element model of rolling process was developed to perform the structural analysis.Finite element analysis was performed with the aid of MSC-MARC software. Nature of residual stresses in longitudinal, transverse and along the thickness was determined. There is very good interrelationship between the values of residual stresses predicted by analytical and experimental method. The longitudinal residual stress distribution was non-uniform that causes the defects in rolled member. It can be concluded from the study that with increase in roller diameter and roller velocity residual stress was reduced.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Industrial

INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ABS-GRAPHENE BLENDED FEED STOCK FILAMENT FOR FDM APPLICATIONS by Gurleen Singh Sandhu 

Abstract

The thermoplastic materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Nylon etc. have large applications in three dimensional printing of functional/non-functional prototypes. Usually these polymer based prototypes lacks in thermal and electrical properties. The graphene (Gr) has attracted impressive enthusiasm in the recent past due to its natural mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. This research work presents the detailed step by step procedure (as a case study) for development of in-house ABS-Gr blended composite feed stock filament for fused deposition modelling (FDM) applications. The feed stock filament has been prepared by two different methods (mechanical and chemical mixing). For mechanical mixing twin screw extrusion (TSE) process has been used and for chemical mixing the composite of Gr in ABS matrix has been set by chemical dissolution followed by mechanical blending through TSE. Finally electrical, thermal conductivity, shore hardness and micro structural properties of composite feed stock filament prepared by two different methods have been optimized

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT ON CBR AND UCS VALUE OF SOIL WITH ADDITION OF BRICK DUST AND WASTE REFRACTORY MATERIAL by Sukhpreet Singh 

Abstract

To start any project it is necessary to know which kind of soil is exist in particular area of project. Natural soil is foundation of any structure as it lastly rest on soil and load carried by soil below the foundation of any structure. Soil present in that area should has good bearing capacity and it is stable or need to stabilize. Sandy or silty sandy soils are good for construction purposes. Clayey or silty clayey soils need to stabilize and it may be effect the cost of the project as well as time of project. Soil stabilization is done by various methods such as mechanical, cement, lime, chemical stabilization. Now-a-days different kind of waste material such as brick dust, fly ash, saw ash and stone dust are used for soil stabilization. Keeping view of this, waste material like brick dust and refractory material are used in this study to enhance the geotechnical properties of soil. Unconfined compressive strength test (UCS) and California bearing ratio test (CBR) were carried out to see improvement in the soil properties. The results of both tests showed significant increase after addition of brick dust and waste refractory material. The optimum quantity of brick dust is find out is 30% by CBR test The optimum mix of soil + brick dust + waste refractory material is 61 + 30 + 9. This will give alternate to the traditional stabilizer and also decrease the overall cost of the project

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New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

ANALYTICAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF SOIL-FOOTING INTERACTION UNDER MACHINE LOADING by Mohit Verma 

Abstract

Every structure’s load is transferred to soil by base of structure called foundation. In general, foundation carries various types of loads like self weight of the structures, live load, wind load, earthquake load, Machine loads, etc. These loads are basically of two types in nature, one is Static load another is dynamic load. Static loads do not change their magnitudes, on other side dynamic loads are fluctuating, their magnitude varies with time so the behavior of footing under static load and dynamic load is entirely different. In a foundation system soil and foundation act as a single body. When a harmonic periodic load is applied on a foundation by a machine mounted on it. The machine foundation and soil in the vicinity to the foundation act as a single medium. The vibration of machine loading is distributed in the soil by the foundation. This principle is called soil interaction. The effect of dynamic load is not limited only to the soil in vicinity of the machine foundation. However if some independent foundation is present near the machine foundation, it also experience dynamic effect. Sometimes it has seen major changes in the structure in vicinity to machine foundation has been noticed which are main reasons for damages like tilting, cracks in plinth protection, foundation settlement, etc. In the current study effect of dynamic loading on a footing and effect on nearby secondary footing is studied. For this purpose first of all the analytical studies are carried out in the PLAXIS 2D platform. To check accuracy and practicality of results are compared with previous done experimental work reference from research done by Abhijeet Swain & Priyanka Ghosh at IIT Kanpur and published in Canadian Geotechnical Journal are taken. For analytical study modeling is done on PLAXIS 2D platform which is analyzed on appropriate scale. Same geometrical properties and same loading conditions are simulated, so that the study can be compared with experimental results. After validation various parameters like varying spacing between primary and secondary footings, varying surcharge loads on secondary footing, provision of sand drain/blankets between closely spaced footings under dynamic load, are studied. It has been observed that with increase in spacing between the footings dynamic effect of loading decreases, with increase of surcharge loading on the secondary footing also helps in reducing displacements and acceleration beneath secondary footing. With inserting sand blanket between two footing is also beneficial in reducing dynamic displacements as coarse sand is having very good damping properties, also the effect of variation in thickness of the blanket is more dominating then variation in length of the blanket. Also relation is developed between dynamic displacements under secondary footing for peak frequency at various L/T ratios (Length/Thickness) of sand blanket

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

A STUDY TO MAKE SURPLUS LYING CLAYEY SOIL SUITABLE FOR EMBANKMENT FILLS BY BLENDING IT WITH LOCAL SANDY SOIL by Pardeep Puri

Abstract

India is a developing country and lot of infrastructural works are announced by Government of India/ State Governments every year like Highways, Railways, Airports, Express Ways, Bridges, Tunnels and Buildings etc. Properties of soil changes frequently w.r.t. distance as well as depth. In certain locations the soil is soft and weak and does not possess the required engineering properties. Therefore before placing these structures on natural soil or using locally available natural soil for the above works, detailed soil investigation to know the properties of virgin soil needs to be done. To build the structures on allotted site or make use of locally available soil for overall economy of the project, stabilization of clayey or clayey silty soil needs to be done. Soil stabilization is done by various methods like mechanical stabilization cement stabilization, lime stabilization, chemical stabilization, thermal stabilization, electrical stabilization & consolidation stabilization etc. Chemical stabilization is done by making use of material like lime, fly ash, cement, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride etc. Soil stabilization of clayey soil is also done by using lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, brick kiln dust, stone quarry dust etc. A Thermal Plant namely Nabha Thermal Plant has been installed and made operational in the year 2014 by Punjab State in Village Nalash, Tehsil Rajpura District Patiala. While constructing Thermal Plant, earth to the tune of 6 lac cum had been excavated for making lake and had been dumped near the plant in the form of heaps which has occupied about 100 acres of land. Consequently this heavy chunk of land has turned into desert like situation and cannot be used for cultivation or other purposes till the dumped material is disposed off. Many infrastructure projects like Special Railway Project from Ludhiana to Kolkata called Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, Rajpura –chandigarh line and doubling of Rajpura-Bathinda lines have been announced by Govt, of India and construction works of two out of three have already been commenced recently. These projects require heavy quantum of earth for making embankments. There is scarcity of earth in this area due to high fertility of land. An effort has been made by the researcher to utilise this surplus lying earth for above civil engg. projects involving earth work in embankment by blending it with locally available sandy soil . This may save cost and create environment friendly area by converting the land again into green belt after utilisation of this surplus earth. Effect of mixing local sandy soil with clayey soil on index properties, heavy compaction and California bearing ratios, shear strength and Strain modulus (EV2) have been studied in this report. Field testing to study strain modulus (load deformation characteristics of soil at second loading cycle between 30% & 70% of maximum normal stress) on trail bed of varying thicknesses has also been done. Results show that plasticity of improved soil has decreased a lot, MDD’s & CBR’s have increased, classification of soil has changed from CH to CL, shear strength and strain modulus properties have increased. Relations between soaked CBR v/s un soaked CBR and soaked CBR v/s contents of sandy soil have also been developed to help field engineer predict the values of soaked CBR towards reduction in construction time.