New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH VERTICAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED  WETLAND by Sukhwinderpal Singh 

Abstract

Water is a vital natural resource and covers about one-third of surface of the earth. This is essential for multiple purposes. Its uses include drinking and other domestic uses, industrial cooling, power generation, agriculture (irrigation), transportation and waste disposal. After such anthropogenic activities, haphazard disposal of wastewater is deteriorating water bodies and the surrounding environment in the progressing world. In the modern times, there are several systems to treat municipal wastewater and one of them is Constructed wetland system. Constructed wetland system imparts natural and economical treatment to the wastewater and has been proven sustainable and effective alternative to the conventional treatment systems. In this study, performance of fabricated model of Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (VSFCW) on which effluent characteristics of Kitchen wastewater and Domestic wastewater like BOD, COD, TSS, Nitrates, Ammoniacal Nitrogen and TKN were studied at two different detention periods i.e. 24 hours and 3 days. The vegetation cover provided to the wetland system was Phragmites australis. Experiment was carried out from month of March to June in the temperature ranging between 30˚C-46˚C. 30% and 61.4% loss of influent through evapotranspiration was observed at 24 hours and 3 days HRT respectively and hence it is an efficient system to minimize highly polluted wastewaters. Kitchen wastewater, when treated at 24 hours HRT shows average percentage removal of 91.71% in BOD, 82.13% in COD, 93.63% in TSS, 57.48% in Nitrates, 57.30% in Ammoniacal nitrogen and 67.73% in TKN and when treated at 3 days HRT shows average percentage removal of 94.14% in BOD, 87.09% in COD, 97.26% in TSS, 86.81% in Nitrates, 83.60% in Ammoniacal nitrogen and 82.54% in TKN. Domestic wastewater, when treated at 24 hours HRT shows average percentage removal of 86.90% in BOD, 54.75% in COD, 84.66% in TSS, 65.35% in Nitrates, 65.81% in Ammoniacal nitrogen and 70.22% in TKN and when treated at 3 days HRT shows average percentage removal of 89.66% in BOD, 72.97% in COD, 93.82% in TSS, 88.95% in Nitrates, 82.59% in Ammoniacal nitrogen and 79.94% in TKN. Kitchen wastewater showed better results than Domestic wastewater. It was found that higher the organic strength of the wastewater better is the removal efficiency of the VSFCW.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF HOWE ROOF TRUSS by Brahamjeet Singh 

Abstract

In design of steel trusses different types of geometries (Howe truss, Pratt truss, Fink truss are etc.) and sections (Angle section, Tube section, rectangular hollow section etc.) are widely used. The purpose of this job is to study the effect of different spacing, span, and pitches, in order to find out the most economical truss by comparing the use of hollow sections and angle sections. The need of this study arises where sometimes it is difficult or taking too much time to choose an effective and economical truss span spacing and pitch during design and construction period. The design was done with the help of Staad pro- V8i software using Limit State Design Method. In present work, “HOWE ROOF TRUSS” of span varying as 10m, 20m, 30m, and 40m has been analyzed for different spacing such as 3m, 4m, 6m and 8m also at the different pitches 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1,7 to get the desired economical truss design. In investigating the effectiveness of various truss geometries, a total of 64 truss combinations were analyzed and designed by providing the hollow square sections and angle sections. The analysis of all sets of trusses enables comparisons to be made among the various spans, spacing and pitches. The loads (dead load, live load and wind load) at each panel and node are calculated manually as per Indian Standard Codes IS 800:2007, and IS 875(Part 3)-1987 and then the loads are entered into STAAD PRO-v8i software for analysis and designing of members. Loads are applied on the nodes (member joints considered as pinned joints) of truss the STAAD PRO-v8i output method is used for determining the member forces. After that the load combinations and design were applied according to the design method (Limit State Design Method). In designing of Howe roof truss both the angle sections and square hollow sections were provided to compare the weight of truss. In this Study the truss with a least value of weight is considered as most economical truss. At the end it was concluded that with the increase in spacing of truss the self-weight of truss was also enhanced. In most of the cases the pitch 1/5 and 1/ 6 was concluded as the most economical. Most of the times the trusses provided with angle sections were assumed to be more economical. On the other hand for 30m span with pitch 1/6 the hollow sections gave the economical design of truss. Also in case of 40m span and 1/7 pitch the hollow sections are seems to be more cost effective.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electronics

TRAFFIC SPLITTING IN HYBRID VIRTUAL-MIMO SYSTEMS by Pawanjot Kaur

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become an inextricable part of contemporary era. At the same time, MIMO technology has also been regarded as beneficial due to various advantages offered by it. Ergo, with the collaboration of these two concepts, virtual-MIMO came into existence. This collaboration overcame the major problem of WSNs, energy limitation. V-MIMO has been proved highly effective to increase the network lifetime along with the given constraints of BER, transmission energy and received energy. After several years of its efficient use, hybrid virtual- MIMO system has been developed which utilizes V-MISO and V-SIMO along with V-MIMO, according to the requirement. HV-MIMO provides flexibility to the user as compared to V-MIMO where user is bounded to use only MIMO topology in every hop which sometimes increases the complexity of system. Also, in less dense networks, it is difficult for source node to determine multiple neighbouring nodes. However, HV-MIMO is efficient in all kind of networks because in this system V-MISO and V-SIMO topologies can also be used. This thesis deals with the improvement in HV-MIMO system with the help of traffic splitting which helps to lower the complexity of the system. Delay and throughput are two main parameters which get affected by splitting of traffic. A significant reduction of 50.4% in delay is achieved as compared to V-MIMO system. Similarly, throughput is increased by 15.4 % as compared to conventional V-MIMO systems. Thus, the proposed work would be highly useful for real time applications which need quick transmission and

retrieval of data such as health monitoring and camera surveillance systems.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electrical

DESIGN AND FEASIBILITY OF MICRO HYBRID BIOMASS PLANT USING MAGNETO HYDRODYNAMIC GENERATOR AND THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR by Mandeep Kaur 

Abstract

Due to modernization, the power demand is increasing day by day resulting in a wide gap between supply and power demands. Efforts may be oriented towards the search of new sources of energy and has led to the growth of other non conventional methods using renewable sources. As a result, rush to

biomass systems have been promoted around the globe at a very large scale as biomass is used as a raw material either in primary or secondary processing units. Nevertheless, plants using biomass as raw material are promoting problems like carbon dioxide emissions and methane gas emission which are threat to earth’s ozone layer. High ash content and heat release to environment are the harmful effects of biomass plant. In order to get optimal generation conditions, cogeneration of biomass plant is done so as to provide clean energy to environment. For this reason, biomass cogeneration is done using MHD generator, thermoelectric generator so as to increase the reliability and efficiency of the system. Normally the efficiency of boiler is 25-35% but by using the cogeneration, efficiency has increased to 65-85% because flue gases obtained from burning of raw material are cycled again to boiler after passing through MHD and TEG generator. As a result the boiler will need less energy to increase its internal temperature thereby increasing the efficiency of boiler. The flue gases obtained after burning the fuel in boiler is fed to TEG, from where they move to MHD generator. The seeding material is added as the flue gases enter the MHD generator so as to increase the electrical conductivity of the gas. Now, again the flue gases are fed to boiler and consequently the cycle is completed. The output from TEG is utilized by the cogeneration plant itself, so as to fulfill power requirements of the plant such as in cooling systems; fans etc. leading to less power consumption. The other two outputs i.e. from turbine and MHD generator are fed to the grid so as to meet the power demands.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electrical

CONDITION MONITORING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS: A CASE STUDY OF VARIOUS SUBSTATIONS IN THE STATE OF PUNJAB by Inderpreet Kaur

Abstract

Power transformers have limited life. They are essential components of substations. Transformers do not have any moving parts except cooling fans or tap changers. Whatever outages are there, they are not because of wear out. Reason behind them is deterioration of insulation caused due to electrical, thermal, mechanical stresses .These stresses and presence of oxygen, moisture deteriorates insulation over a period of time .If these failures can be minimised, huge revenues can be saved. For that purpose, various factors responsible for ageing have been studied. Ageing is a chemical reaction due to thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses. These chemical reactions lead to products which help in determining the health of transformer. For example cellulose deterioration reduces degree of polymerization which is related to thermal ageing. There are certain other products like carbon dioxide, water, 2furfuraldehyde, 2acetylfuran, furfurylalcohol, 5hydroxymethyl2furfuraldehyde. Hence, extent of insulation damage can be predicted from these products. These degradation products affect physical properties of oil and paper. Over the years a number of techniques have been developed to find the remnant life of transformer. Laboratories have been using DGA and furan to find out condition and age of transformer. In the present study, all physical properties which are likely to be affected by degradation like breakdown voltage, tensile strength, viscosity, tensile strength, flash point, pour point, tan delta, degree of polymerization have been studied of the transformer oil samples of different substations in Punjab. Different gases like CO2, CO, Ethane, Ethylene, etc are formed and furan derivatives dissolved in oil. Their analysis by comparing them with past data has been very informative for calculating the age. DGA has been carried out on aged samples to find the incipient faults.DGA has turned out as life saving techniques for condition monitoring of transformers. Furan analysis has been very useful in projecting the age of transformer. Cellulosic paper degrades and form furan compounds. Cellulose consists of long chain of molecules. Due to paper degradation, they become susceptible to damages. Scientists have given different formulas for finding out age. In this work, CHENDONG’S formula have been used as it has been find out to be most accurate.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

C.B.R. IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL MIXED WITH LIME AND BAGASSE ASH by Sonam Kaur 

Abstract

Clayey soil consists Illite mineral, which expands or shrinks when it comes in contact with moisture. Many cracks appear on the structure, which is founded on this type of soil. The clayey soil possesses low strength and excessive volume change. Civil Engineers face lot of problems in the field during and after construction of structure on clayey soil. Therefore, such soils needs to be stabilized before any construction on this type of soil. Various admixtures like lime fly ash, bagasse ash and cement commonly are being used for stabilization of clayey soil. In this work, strength of soil is improved by adding bagasse ash and lime. Effect of different mix proportions of lime and bagasse ash on compaction characteristics and strength properties as CBR of soil is observed in this study. The soil was stabilised with 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% of lime and 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% of bagasse ash. All stabilised sample was soaked for four days and then cured for 3 days. It observed that MDD decreased by 11% with increase of 7% lime and 20% BA. However, OMC increased from 16% to 19% and CBR increased from 2.5% to 14% with a combination of 7% lime and 20% BA. The CBR start decreasing with further increase of lime and bagasse. It is concluded that a optimum combination lime and bagasse ash can improve the strength (CBR) of clayey soil with medium plasticity. In the present study the flexible pavement was designed as per IRC 37: 2012, and observed that about 17% of total thickness of flexible pavement may be reduced if the clayey soil is stabilized with lime and bagasse ash. More over waste material like bagasse ash may be utilised in pavement effectively without detoriation of environment.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Env. civil

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN VEGETABLES OF LUDHIANA, PUNJAB by Usha Kumari 

Abstract

Vegetables (Spinach, Cauliflower and Fenugreek) from the production and market sites of Ludhiana, India were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead & Zinc) concentrations by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Samples of Irrigation water and soil were also analyzed. Results from the study shown significant variation in concentration of metals among three different analyzed vegetables. Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables, irrigation water and soil from site-1 showed higher levels of pollution than site-2. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables of production site-1 exceeded vegetables of production site-2 by 36%. Order of metals concentration in vegetables from production site-1 as- Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cd > Cu & from production site-2 as- Zn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu > Cd. Concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in vegetables of production sites were several times greater than the joint WHO/FAO standard limits. Range for concentration of noxious metals- Cd, Cr and Pb in vegetable samples of production site-1 as Cd (0.05-13.15mg/kg), Cr (0.5-13.95mg/kg) and Pb (25.50-48.50mg/kg) and for production site-2 Cd (0-4.90mg/kg), Cr (0-27.70mg/kg) and Pb (6.20-46.35mg/kg). The average concentration of other metals Cu, Zn and Ni for both sites was within in limit except Zn mean concentration (64.40 mg/kg) in spinach for site-2 had exceeded limits. Study reveals that the pollution of ground water which is used for irrigation at both sites ascribed from the polluted nala (located alongside of both sampling fields), atmospheric deposition & agricultural activities. Study moreover shown that; there was a significant variation in heavy metals concentration of market sites vegetables to that of production sites. Study revealed that vegetables marketing methods plays a substantial role in elevated level for heavy metal pollution which can posture a danger to vegetables quality with impacts for consumer’s health from locally cultivated crops. Results determine that all vegetables of both production sites have different-2 percentage increase for heavy metals accumulation at market site which might be because of atmospheric deposition. The percentage increase in amount of metals in vegetables of market sites changed with vegetable types and climatic condition. Variations in concentrations of metals in vegetables studied for market sites might be because of dissimilar absorption rate of vegetable species for contaminants settled down from air. Daily heavy metals ingestion through vegetables intake shows higher contribution to diet. The contributions of market site-1 and market site-2 vegetables to dietary ingestion of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc for market site-1 was 19 %, 58 %, 0.12 %, 7%, 43% and 0.23% respectively and for market site-2 was 10 %, 59 %, 0.06%, 2%, 25% and 0.16% respectively to Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI). Both production sites vegetables have high content of poisonous metals. Thus intake of studied vegetables along with higher contents of toxic heavy metals might be the source of high quantity of metal accumulation to body resulting health hazard. Therefore study suggested that regular monitoring of vegetables cultivated in studied locations is compulsory in turns to decrease human health

risk.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Env. civil

Biodiesel Production Using Waste Cooking Oil: A Waste to Energy Conversion (W.T.E.) Strategy by Sonal Tripathi

Abstract

Energy is the most crucial element that is required for the life to exist on the planet earth. The contribution of the energy for the mankind to flourish is indispensable. With the widespread advent of urbanization and globalization the world’s population has risen at a very distressing rate. Such change has led to the obvious ramification which is the tremendous increase in energy demand to carry out various life processes. A gigantic part of this ever increasing demand is served by the energy derived from the fossil reserves. This source contributes a gargantuan sum to cater the energy needs of the mankind. However, these reserves are depleting at a very rapid pace since the exploitation of such resources have escalated drastically. It is thus estimated that a stage would arrive in the near future that will result in the rapid downfall of the availability of these reserves due to the complete exhaustion. The outbreak of the energy thirst has emphasized upon the need for an alternative option for the energy source that is technologically feasible and environmentally viable. The use of indigenous components such as biomass has paved the way for the development of biofuels. According to India’s Biofuel policy, biodiesel can be used in order to augment the fuels utilized basically for transportation. This can envisage the energy security of India by inculcating the usage of biodiesel as a fuel source. Biodiesel production can provide certain opportunities such as employment to the rural population, declination in the import and export costs and a reasonable option during energy crisis. Vegetable oils are commonly used to produce biodiesel. Utilizing such sources can have a devastating effect on the food v/s fuel security. As a mitigation measure to such impediment we can utilize the waste to produce biodiesel which is considered as the Waste-To-Energy Conversion Strategy. The waste can be the oil that is disposed after being utilized for cooking purpose that is dumped and therefore created nuisance to the environment. As a whole, utilizing used cooking oil as a raw material for producing biodiesel can be considered as a justifiable option for the curtailment of the problems arising due to the improper waste management of such oils.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILED –RAFT SYSTEM USING NUMERICAL APPROACH by Himani Chawla 

Abstract

The foundation system is an important component from the civil engineering point of view in general and it is the duty of geotechnical expert to take care of the safety and stability of foundation of civil engineering projects. The pile raft foundation system is a composite foundation which contributes the involvement of piles, raft, and soil to transfer heavy loads of the superstructure to the ground. The utilization of piled-raft system is an efficient way of reducing both total and differential settlements, enhancing the bearing capacity of a foundation. The analytical work includes the numerical analysis of pile raft foundation under the effect of variable ground water table by generating a numerical model in FEM based PLAXIS 3D software. As piled-raft foundation system is the main concern of its effectiveness because it is the most refered foundation system especialy for the high rise buidings . The relevence of the system comes when one system works efficiently under the adverse subsoil condition at the cheaper cost than the other foundation system. Adverse subsoil conditions comes when the foundation system was encountered with ground water table.The bearing capacity of the saturated soil reduces to about 50% of its orignal bearing capacity in its dry state.The large reduction in the bearing capacity is the serious concern for the geotechnical engineers. So here comes the need to analyse the effect of ground water table on the foundation system.In this study an effort has been made to analyze the experimental results of piled raft using PLAXIS 3D software.With the experimental investigation it is very difficult to study the effect of ground water table variation on the load carrying capacity of the piled raft but using the FEM based PLAXIS 3D this problem can be addressed easily. The study highlights that there is significant reduction in the ultimate load (decreases from 7731.29kN to 5659.68kN when there is rise in ground water table from great depth to ground surface

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL BY USING LIME AND WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH by Avtarpreet Singh

Abstract

In this report an experimental study has been done on the clay soil stabilized using lime and waste paper sludge ash. Waste paper sludge ash is finally waste product resulting from the combustion of waste paper sludge in paper recycling industries. WPSA classified as class-c fly ash because it containing more than 20% lime (Cao) and having cementitous properties and pozzolanic properties that resulting in the self-cementing characteristics. In this class-c fly ash (WPSA) is self-cementing activators such as, lime and cement. First objective of study is to determine the optimum oncentration

percentage of lime as additives based on the compressive strength. Second objective is to determine the strength development of clay soil stabilized at the optimum percentage of lime at 0 days, 7 of curing periods. Third objective is to determine optimum concentration percentage of WPSA in the lime, soil and WPSA mix sample at the percentage of 0 days, 7 days. This study involved the testing of unconfined compressive strength test to determine the optimum percentage of lime and strength development clay soil stabilized at the optimum percentage of lime. The second test is tri-axial test to

determine the shear strength value for clay- lime and WPSA stabilized with optimum percentage of WPSA. Result shows that the optimum concentration of lime to stabilize the clay soil is about 8% at the maximum compressive strength of 601.43kN/m2. Addition of 6% WPSA has increased the value of shear strength compared to the control from 0 days to 7 days of curing periods respectively. This studyshows that the clay soil can stabilized using lime and WPSA effective to enhance clay soil strength for long period of time.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL BY USING FLY ASH AND MARBLE DUST by Amandeep Verma

Abstract

Strength improvement of soil means that to improve the properties of soil by different methods. Some

waste materials are used to improve the soil such materials are fly ash, marble dust. Fly ash is the ash

produced by burning of pulverized coal in thermal power plans. Marble industries are producing larger amount of marble dust. The rapid growth of marble dust creates a big problem on environment as acts as a pollutant and affect the ecological system. Hence both material are cheap by cost. The object to carry out this study was to evaluate the effect of materials i.e marble dust and fly ash when mixed with clay soil. The physical and chemical properties of soil was improved by addition of such those materials. Whereas some expecting properties are index properties, compaction characteristics and strength properties. The marble dust is added in range of 5–20 % in corporation with fly ash 10-30%. Laboratory studies were performed to identification the Atterberg limits, proctor density, Unconfined compression strength, triaxial test. It was found that addition of 20% fly ash in soil shows maximum strength value increases 114.42% Unconfined compression strength(UCS). Further addition of fly ash has negative effects on these properties. Triaxial test is performed to calculate shear strength parameters of mixed soil i.e soil, fly ash and marble dust. It was found that cohesion character (‘c’) goes on decreasing and angle of internal friction (φ) goes on increasing by addition of marble dust in soil and optimized fly ash. Test results shows marble dust and fly ash improves strength characteristics of soil along with those use of materials is economical and also solves the problem of environment

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

PRETREATMENT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER USING NATURAL  OAGULANTS by Mandeep Kaur 

Abstract

The textile industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater with high color, turbidity, BOD, COD, suspended solids, sulfide, chlorides and heavy metals. Untreated effluents when discharged directly into the open lands or into water bodies can cause irreversible harm to the environment. Coagulation is the most important physical and chemical treatment used in industrial wastewater treatment to diminish the various wastewater parameters. Now a day, more interest has been given on the pretreatment of wastewater coming from industries with natural coagulants because natural coagulants are relatively cost-effective as compared to chemical coagulants. As moringa oleifera and cactus are easily available, they are used as natural coagulant in this research to reduce color, turbidity, nitrates, chlorides, fluorides in dyeing wastewater. Sharman spinning mills is a textile industry which was selected for work and is situated in Ludhiana. The wastewater generated during dyeing process was collected from textile industry. The coagulation of wastewater was done with jar test apparatus was carried out using natural coagulants. Optimum dosage and optimum pH were determined after intensive lab scale testing. The pH value of 10.5 was found to be more efficient for removal of chlorides, nitrates, fluorides for both coagulants, whereas in case of turbidity and color efficient pH was found to be 3.5, but pH 10.5 was considered to be optimum pH because there was significant removal of wastewater parameter characteristics. Similarly the optimum dosage of cactus and moringa oleifera for efficient removal of all parameters was found to be 0.6gm/500ml at pH 10.5.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Power

TECHNICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND COST ANALYSIS OF A MODELED SOLAR POWER PLANT (CASE STUDY) by Ramanpreet Kaur 

Abstract

The world energy consumption is the main matter for the social and political aspects. The power generation using conventional sources like coal, oil, and gas is mostly preferred for large capacity plants over the years. These sources cause emissions and due to the depleting of fossil fuels, the need is to focus on the renewable energy sources. The second main reason behind using renewable energy sources is fuel cost. Global warming is caused by human activities. Every country’s government takes efforts to reduce emission. The rising prices are also causing instability. Therefore, it is beneficial to use PV solar system to meet the power demand. Availability of renewable sources at large distance locations recommends grid integration for easy and reliably transmits power. For designing of a uitable solar PV plant it is necessary to estimate techno, economical parameters of the plant. In this thesis work, technical parameters of a PV solar plant are estimated and cost of plant is analysis to check the feasibility of the plant. Modeling of PV solar array has been carried out and implemented in MATLAB. The simulation results have been provided and output of the system is studied. Hence the payback period is calculated.