New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

SOIL STABILIZATION USING PAPER MILL SLUDGE ASH AND SAW DUST ASH by Jasvir Singh 

Abstract

One of the most problematical soils are expansive soils which are found on every part of earth except polar zones. One of the main problem is their shrinking and swelling behaviour when they come in contact with water. When structures are constructed on these soils, these causes differential settlement which may cause economic burden on developers. Structural stability comes in danger if proper remedial measures are not taken. Many methods and techniques are used to prevent harm caused by these soils. One of best technique which is used since old times, that is soil stabilization. In ancient times additives are added in soils to stabilize it. Now a day many other additives like polymers, waste materials, salts etc. are used to stabilize soil with combination of basic additives like cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen etc. Proper gradations of these additives are added for treating the soil effectively. At present-day waste management is a big problem for industries which is increasing gradually. Many researchers are doing research to use waste materials for soil stabilization which can solve both problems, soil stabilization and waste management. These researches are based on fact that to understand the reaction between lime rich wastes and soil. This study was thus done to study the effect of lime-rich paper mill sludge ash and saw dust ash on properties of expansive soils. Main Properties which are investigated was California bearing ratio and strength. Unconfined strength test was performed to inspect the strength of soil. Also in this test stress strain curve was drawn to check whether material is becoming brittle or ductile with the addition of waste materials. CBR was performed also performed to check suitability of soil for subgrade in flexible pavement. Apart from these properties, the other engineering properties which examined were moisture content and dry density of soil which was needed in UCS and CBR and also atterberg limits and grain analysis of soil sample. Materials which are used for study accompanied by soil samples were paper mill sludge ash which results from burning of sludge produced in paper mills and saw dust ash which produced after burning saw dust. In this study it was noted that soil treated with both two ashes is related to soil treated with lime and cement.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

OPTIMIZATION OF RCC COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD AND UNIAXIAL MOMENT by Ansh Khurana

Abstract

In the modern development of structures, economy plays a vital role in the industry. So, for the maximum profit for builders and clients, an economical structure that is safe, serviceable and durable, is needed. Now, the cost of the structure can be minimized without deflating the material can only be done by finding a case for each of the structural members/components gives the minimum cost keeping the strength and other parameters satisfied. Columns are important vertical structural elements constructed integrally with framing beams and slabs to carry axial forces and bending moments. For optimization, number of techniques are being used by the researchers. Every technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the present work one of the latest developed techniques, namely ‘Ray optimization’ has been used for optimization of RC columns. This technique is based on phenomena of refraction of light. Since the technique is based on a physical phenomenon, it is easy to understand and use. Convergence of the process though depends on certain factors like the size of search space, refractive index, number of local minima etc. In this research, RC columns subjected to axial loading and uniaxial moment have been optimized. The column design depends on many factors as indicated in the interaction diagrams like eccentricity of loading, size of the column cross section, percentage of steel, position of neutral axis, grade of steel, and grade of concrete. Thus, a MATLAB program has been developed for column design with analytical formulae that doesn’t involve use of graphs. Also, a program of Ray optimization algorithm has been written in MATLAB editor and saved as functions. After writing both the programs, they have been associated with each other to work as an optimization tool for column design. Two variables namely depth of neutral axis and percentage of steel in column are considered as independent variables of the optimization problem. Variables like grade of concrete, grade of steel, length and loading are taken as inputs. The algorithm has been tested on certain standard mathematical functions to confirm its veracity and the results obtained thereby were found in concurrence with the standard results. Number of columns for different loadings were designed to validate the effectiveness of ray optimization technique. To check the robustness of the algorithm the optimization process was run multiple times. From the study it could be observed that the most optimum sections are with the cross-sectional dimensions having minimum width and minimum percentage of steel i.e. 0.8%. The study was also carried out to see the effect of different parameters like grade of steel, grade of concrete, number of design agents, variation in refractive index values etc on the optimum results. The observations of which came out to be that with the increase of grade of concrete or steel reduces the column section and thus gives more economical designs. With increasing the no. of agents, the optimum results can be obtained in less no. of iterations and for refractive index 0.5-0.8, the results are most optimum.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

POSSIBILITY OF RTW & CDW IN STONE COLUMN TO IMPROVE BEARING CAPACITY OF CLAYEY SOIL by Gagandeep Singh 

Abstract

The foundation is the main part for any structure in Civil Engineering which rests on the soil, so ultimately all the load of the structure transfers to the ground. The soil under the foundation should have safe bearing capacity, so that soil beneath the foundation should not fail. As the construction of the superstructure mainly depend upon foundations of that structure, whole structure has been erected on the soil of suitable bearing capacity. But the value of bearing capacity decides the amount of improvement to be done. The improvement may be done by use of piles, piers, caissons and stone columns. Material to be used in stone column are aggregates up to size 100mm. Waste materials generated such as Rubber and Concrete demolition waste can be used as replacement of aggregates. In this present study clay of medium plasticity (CI) used was collected from village lohatbaddi, district Ludhiana (PB). Concrete demolition waste (CDW) was collected from waste of cubes tested in concrete laboratory. Rubber tyre waste (RTW) in crumbed powder form was collected from Speedways tyre industry, Transport Nagar, Ludhiana. In this study an attempt was made to use CDW and RTW in improving bearing capacity of the soil. The percentage of RTW: CDW (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, 100:0) was used in this present study. The optimized value of RTW: CDW ratio for single column is (20:80) and optimized L/D ratio of column is 6. Then this percentage was used for L/D ratios 3, 6 & 10 for the number of columns 1,2,3,4&5.The allowable bearing capacity for L/D ratio 6 is more than for L/D ratio 3 & 10 and it was maximum for five number of columns. The allowable bearing capacity with five stone columns was 2-3 times the bearing capacity of soil without

stone columns.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from computer Science

ASSESSING SEMANTIC INFORMATION OF VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
by Gursimar Kaur 

Abstract

The world of cartography and map making has changed dramatically with the advent of new technological innovations and emergence of the hand-held mobile devices. The features like web mapping and navigation using electronic maps have made the paper maps outdated which lead to introduction of new phenomenon where the volunteers, also known as private citizens collaborate to share geographical information using a popular project called as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Inspired from Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap (OSM) is the most successful project of VGI used for web mapping. It allows its contributors the freedom of global participation to collaborate their local knowledge for open access to everyone. Due to the open tagging scheme, the contributors augment the noisy and ambiguous data as the users have the freedom to use either previously generated tag or define their own. Further, a strict specification model is not used to audit the quality of the contributed data. The aim of the study is to assess the semantic similarity of the tags used to name the geographical feature by taking help of various string searching algorithms. This study implemented the algorithms to measure semantic similarity score of data under observation by assessing the attributes of tags and further divided the results as acceptably similar or not depending on the desired threshold value. The assessment of positional accuracy of linear features depicting real world geographical representation was achieved using the technique involving the creation of a constant width buffer around a line when a circle of fixed distance (also named as epsilon band) is rolled along both sides of the line. The designed approach helped to achieve data completeness and analyse the level of correlation in the given attribute constraints. Comparing the features with the dataset of higher accuracy, the evaluation is not limited to OSM and can be generalized using any other database crowdsourced by volunteers. The developed algorithms gave its contribution to enhance the enormous potential of the ever-rich dataset by improving its quality and alleviating the semantic gap in geospatial information.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from electronic

AN OPTIMIZED LUNG CANCER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES by Sheenam Rattan 

Abstract

Amongst diverse cancers, lung cancer is measured to be the foremost reason of cancer demise with utmost demise pace. Nodules lying on lungs have distinct structures, they could be either circle or coil shaped which under various circumstances composes the recognition complex. In this work a system has been urbanized for detection of lung cancer in its early stages and classification between malignant and benign tumors via images from Computerized Tomography (CT) scanner. Lung cancer detection process has four steps which includes pre-processing phase, segmentation, feature extraction and lung cancer cell classification. BAT Algorithm is applied to provide considerable optimization results which improves the performance of system. The classification between malignant nodules and benign has been done through Artificial Neural Network Ensemble to provide results of higher accuracy. The overall accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 98.5%, 100% and 91% respectively is acquired in the system.