New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF INTZE OHSR by Raj Kamal

Abstract

INTZE OHSR are very essential part of human life in any town locality. These are used to store water for various purposes like drinking and Irrigation. This study is mainly focused in understanding the Linear and Non-linear analysis of INTZE OHSR and their result are based on Codal system and verified with American Codes for the non-linear analysis and Indian IS codes for the linear analysis. This research presents modelling and dynamic analysis of overhead water tank achieved by using SAP2000 software of latest version 19. Further, non-linear static analysis has been accomplished to get the maximum hydrodynamic pressure characteristics of the water tank for varying circular tank wall heights, for a given capacity of water tank (Unoccupied and Occupied water level situations). In this study INTZE Circular overhead tank has been chosen as a main structure and analyzed for linear & non-linear analysis. For the geometrical nonlinear analyses P-delta and Pushover analysis outcomes are also equated with both codes Indian standards and American Standards. The material non-linear analysis material has been differentiated on the basis of codal provision and all these variation discussed in detail. To accomplish the objectives, linear and nonlinear analysis is used to get the variation between maximum hydrodynamic pressure including impulsive & convective forces. In the end variation concluded based on maximum pressure, displacement, moment and base reaction of INZE OHSR. .

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from power

CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEM USING MARKET SPLITTING BASED APPROACH by Manish Harchand 

Abstract

Congestion management in deregulated power system is a major issue which hinders the fair competition among various players. Congestion in deregulated power system occurs mainly due to the insufficient capacity of transmission lines, which is unable to accommodate all the desired power transactions. This research work proposes market splitting based approach for congestion management. The objective of this research work is to minimize the generation cost of generation companies subject to various constraints such as power balance equality constraint and generator operating limit, line flow limit and bus voltage limit inequality constraints. The proposed problem has been solved for base case without congestion and then with including the effect of congestion. In base case, as the location marginal prices (LMPs) are same everywhere, hence the market can be cleared at single price. In case of congestion, different zones are used for market splitting. Within a particular zone, a single LMP is obtained by taking average of all the LMPs at different locations of one zone. The zone with highest LMP can be used for placement of DG which further helps for congestion management. The proposed problem has solved with DC Optimal Power Flow (DCOPF) in MATLAB environment. The results obtained after DCOPF are used to obtain state of the power system and actual line flows with the aid of MIPOWER software. The simulation results are obtained for modified IEEE 14 bus system. The proposed approach has the advantage that it can be applied in Indian market scenarios for congestion management

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF LIME AND LEAF ASH ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RED MUD by Pawandeep Kaur 

Abstract

Red mud is a waste material which is produced from National Aluminium Company Limited Red mud produced approximately 76 million tons every year. Disposal and storage of large quantity of red mud is a serious problem which occurs all across the world. Leaf ash which is also a waste material produced globally, and the use of leaf ash in red mud is also an efficient way to dispose leaf ash. In this study, leaf ash and lime were used as an admixtures to improve the geotechnical properties of red mud. The red mud was taken from National Aluminium Company Limited ,Odisha, and leaf ash was locally collected. The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of lime and leaf ash on geotechnical properties of red mud. To achieve the aim, various tests were conducted on red mud such as specific gravity, atterberg limit, standard proctor test, CBR test, UCS test. Leaf ash was added in proportion of 2%,4%,6%,8% and 10% where as lime was added in proportion of 5% to 15%. All CBR mould was placed in water for 4 days for soaking and then placed in moist environment for 3 days curing, then test were conducted, and UCS tests were also carried out on different proportions of leaf ash and lime added to the soil. Maximum UCS value increases by 118.8% when 10% lime with 8% leaf ash added to the soil and CBR value increases from 12.5% to 16.5 % with addition of 10 % lime and 8% leaf ash. Optimized value of lime was decided from the CBR test of red mud mixed with different proportion of lime.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from electronics

Design and Performance Optimization of Dual Gate Material and Dualk Gate Dielectric Heterojunction SOI FinFET by Samjot K. Aujla

Abstract

For the fulfillment of the projections of Moore’s Law, the dimensions of the transistors which are an indispensable part of the integrated circuits must be reduced. But as the technology moves beyond 22nm, short channel effects in the planar metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors became apparent which act as an impediment to the scaling. Fin shaped Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) has emerged as a ray of hope for the control of these adverse effects. Semiconductor industry has focused on these transistors and substantial thrust in the field of electronics research has been given on the refinement of the structure of these transistors. The work done in the dissertation, focus on the design of novel FinFET with Si/SiGe material for the channel forming heterojunction. Three heterojunction Silicon On Insulator (SOI) FinFET diversified by different materials for the gate and gate dielectric in stack configuration, have been compared with one another and with homojunction SOI FinFET. With this approach, the impact of varying the materials of prominent regions of the FinFET have been analyzed. Important performance parameters of the transistors have been compared. Bio-inspired approaches such as artificial neural network and genetic algorithm have been used to optimize the structure of dual gate material dual-k gate dielectric material heterojunction SOI FinFET. Performance parameters obtained after simulating the optimized structure are in close agreement with the performance parameters obtained with artificial neural network and genetic algorithm optimization.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

STABILISATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING CALCIUM CARBIDE RESIDUE AND FLY ASH

by Maninder Singh

Abstract

The investigational study was done to improve the soil properties by using waste material, which is responsible for poisonous environment. Soil Stabilization is a general term for any chemical, physical, biological, or combined method of changing a natural soil to meet an engineering purpose. In the study, waste products like Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) a by-product of acetylene gas factories and Fly Ash produced from thermal plant were added in a week soil sample in varying ratios. The dose of FA was taken as 15%, 20% & 25% and Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) used was in ratio 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% & 9% by weight of soil. The study was carried out with a view to utilize waste material as construction of road embankment, earth slope or in filling of low lying area. The week soil may be utilized along with these materials as due to pozzolanic action, the strength of week soil is improved upto desirable load. The tests conducted on soil were Modified Proctor Test, CBR & UCS. Various concentrations of CCR (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% & 9%) along with different proportion of Fly Ash (15%, 20% and 25%) were added to soil to check compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). CBR and UCS values increased with increase in dose of Fly Ash up to 20% and afterward it decreased. Therefore, optimum dose of FA was taken as 20%. CBR and UCS were further improved by blending CCR in a mix of soil and 20% FA. The CBR and UCS value increases by adding 20% Fly Ash and 7% Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) by weight of soil and was defined as an optimum dose.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS IN WHEAT GRAINS FROM AGRICULTURAL SITES OF LUDHIANA by Navjot Kaur 

Abstract

Today heavy metal contamination is the main issue in the environmental pollution. Agricultural lands which have been contaminated with heavy metals are serious issue. Increasing industrialization and urbanization enhance the farmers to use such polluted land for food crop’s production. The present study was conducted to assess the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) contamination in wheat grains from agricultural land near industrial (Industrial area C, Budhewal, Focal point) and non- industrial (Dehlon, Kaind, Ranguwal) areas in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Irrigation water, air and soil are considered to be the main routes to transfer the heavy metals in grains so these were also examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Concentration of Pb and Cr in wheat grains was higher in both sites. Concentration of Pb and Cr in industrial sites was averagely exceeds the permissible limit by 39 times and 4 times and in non-industrial sites concentration of Pb and Cr was averagely exceeds the permissible limit by 38 times and 5 times respectively. Heavy metals (Pb and Cr) have been accumulated many times in wheat grains. Heavy metals in soil, irrigation water and air were well within the limits in all areas but in industrial areas concentration of metals (Pb, Cd, Cr) in irrigation water were slightly higher than the permissible limit set by WHO/FAO because industrial effluent affect the water quality. Hence, after considering the results this was concluded that soil, air and water not being responsible for such a heavy accumulation of metals in wheat grains.Hence excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides and over- year bioaccumulation in wheat tends to increase the concentration of metals in wheat grains as depicted by the survey in these areas. Daily intake of chromium was much higher than the permissible limit in all areas. In industrial and non –industrial sites averagely daily intake concentration of chromium exceeds the permissible limit by 6.5 times and 8 times respectively. From the results it was concluded that people are prone to face health problems through the consumption of wheat.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

IMPACT OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH ON PROPERTIES OF INTERLOCKING PAVER BLOCK by Aviral Modgil 

Abstract

In modern era of infrastructure structural development the consumption of cement and sand has increased drastically. Across the world utilization of sand as a fine aggregate in concrete mixture is quite high which has in turn strained natural sand reservoirs in several developing nations whose infrastructural development is made very rapidly in recent years. And cement production produce CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The use of Copper slag and fly ash is aimed at reducing sand content and cement content respectively. Addition of copper slag results in increased durability, enhanced compressive, split tensile strength and abrasion resistance of concrete. By adding fly ash heat required for hydration is reduced resulting to better durability. Partial replacement of concrete by fly ash proportionally reduces the use of cement in paver blocks which further results in significant control of CO2 emission from cement industries and as well provides an effective utilization of fly ash which is a thermal power plant by-product. In order to resolve problems faced due to environmental and operational constraints against conventional construction techniques (by utilizing hot bituminous mixture or cement concrete mix) for construction of pavement, footpath and parking etc. ICBP were used. I-shape concrete blocks were casted and examined for compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and for abrasion resistance. Concrete blocks were made of conventional concrete as well as copper slag admixed concrete. Results show that by addition of copper slag (25%) and fly ash (20%) compressive strength increased for all the grades of concrete. Split tensile strength and flexural strength also increased. Other quality of blocks also improved.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

STUDY OF COMBINED EFFECT OF GEOGRID AND WASTE PLASTIC STRIP REINFORCEMENT ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF SAND by Alok Sharma 

Abstract

Improvement of bearing capacity of soil can be achieved by using different types of reinforcement such as geogrids, geocells and fibers of different material etc. In the recent years, experts have extensively used geosynthetic materials as reinforcement for improving the bearing capacity of soil. Fibers/Strips have high tensile strength hence acts as good reinforcement material and increases strength of the soil because shear stresses in soil mobilize tensile resistance in the fibers. So in this study an effort has been made to investigate the combined effect of geogrid and plastic strips from waste water bottles having aspect ratio 3 as reinforcing material in sand. The main emphasis of this study is to explore the utilization of waste plastic along with geogrid for strength improvement of cohesionless soil. Plastic waste being a non-biodegradable material poses serious threat for its eco-friendly disposal and its use for geotechnical purposes may be a suitable solution. During Load settlement tests optimum depth of first geogrid layer from the bottom of footing was decided and found to be at 0.5 B, where B is the width of footing and increase in bearing capacity was observed to be 100% as compared to unreinforced sand. The optimum location of second geogrid layer was found out at the depth 0.7B from the bottom of the first layer of geogrid and increase in bearing capacity was observed to be around 280%. Optimum content of plastic strip reinforcement (1%) was mixed in the sand and sandwiched between two geogrid layers and about 450 % increase in bearing capacity was observed. Load settlement behaviour of soil indicates substantial improvement with the use of

plastic strips sandwiched between geogrid layers.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF BAGASSE ASH AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON CBR AND SWELLING INDEX OF EXPANSIVE SOIL by Amir Suhail 

Abstract

Expansive soils are present throughout the world. The construction on expansive soil has always a big challenge to geotechnical engineer. Construction of buildings and other structures such as highways, dams etc on expansive soil is a very risky task due to high expansive behavior of such soils. Every year they cause damage of billions of dollars because of presence of montmorillonite mineral, that is highly unstable thus leading to shrinking and swelling of this type of soil that are able for captivating the water. They enlarge in volume when they come in contact with water. Behaviour of these types of soil causes the failure of structure in the form of fissures, settlements etc. To improve the stabilization of the expansive soils several types of additives have been evolved and are successfully being used for this purpose. One such additive that can be used for this purpose is calcium chloride(CaCl2) and baggase ash(B.A). Bagasse fibre is an agricultural waste remaining after the crushing of sugar cane for juice extraction. When bagasse fibre is burnt the ash produced is called bagasse ash(B.A). Bagasse ash(BA), contain a high percentage of silica (SiO2), which is investigated as a reasonable pozzolanic material having unreactive behaviour and has the ability to be used in the stabilization of road subgrade. The different percentages of bagasse ash used were 4%, 8% & 12%, whereas Calcium chloride was used at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% & 2% resp. The available local soil was not expansive in nature and 20% bentonite powder was added in the soil to make it expansive. However, according to the observation, chemical additives (calcium chloride) exhibit superior performance over cementitious and non-cementitious (bagasse) additives in reducing the swelling characteristics (Gangadhara Reddy.N et al 2015). The laboratory tests performed were standard proctor test, CBR and Swelling index test. The results shows that the OMC increases but MDD decreases and CBR value increases upto 8% when bagasse ash used in the soil. The results also shows that when optimum value of bagasse ash and varying percentages of Calcium chloride, the OMC decreases but MDD increases and CBR value gradually increases. The maximum strength was obtained at 2% CaCl2 mixed with soil. However, the swelling index decreases with increase in the concentration of bagasse ash and calcium chloride

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from environmental

Removal of Heavy Metal (Zinc) from Electroplating Industry Waste Water by Adsorption Technique

by Mandeep S. Saini 

Abstract

Fastest growing industrialization has resulted in the discharge number of toxic pollutants into the effluent among which the major component is of heavy metals. All the heavy metals pose a considerable risk to human health. Zinc is one of the heavy metal which is used in various industries

like galvanizing, metallurgical, electroplating, mining, paints, pigments, pulp and paper and pharmaceuticals and is generally found in higher concentrations as per the current scenario in Ludhiana city. Ions of zinc metal get accumulated in the living organisms after consumed through food chain, causing several diseases and disorders like failure of kidney, effect on liver. There are some methods those are used to removal of heavy metals in the wastewater such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, ultra filtration and phyto-remediation. When metals are in high concentration then these methods are either expensive or inefficient for their removal . So this research work dealt with the adsorption technique using the natural coagulants- banana peels and mausambi peels which is an economical and environmental friendly technique for removing zinc metal from the industrial effluents. The research work involved studying the variation of removal efficiencies with pH variation (2-10 pH), contact time variation (1-5 hours) and optimum dosage variation (1-14 g/l) in order to optimize each of them for getting the maximum removal efficiency. The results showed that the highest percentage of removal obtained was at a pH of 6 in case of both banana peel and mausambi peels but the removal was higher in banana peel (50.90 %) as compared to mausambi (citrus limetta) peels (45.72%) at a same initial dose of 2g/litre of both the adsorbents. Further, the final values of contact time for banana peel and mausambi peel was observed to be 3 and 2 hours respectively. The results for adsorbent dosage showed that the highest removal that could be attained was 81.81% in case of banana peels at a dosage of 8 g/l which was higher as compared to 75.87 % in case of mausambi peels at an adsorbent dosage of 10 g/l. The analysis finally showed that the removal efficiency is a function of initial concentration of zinc present in the wastewater sample i.e more the concentration, lesser was the removal observed and also that the banana peels were observed to be a better adsorbent as the removal was at a higher rate.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from electronics

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION BASED OPTIMIZED CNR PENALTY OF RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEM INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF PHASE NOISE FROM LASER AND RF OSCILLATOR by Sarpreet Kaur

Abstract

Radio over fiber systems have been gaining popularity since the beginning of this century due to crowded frequency spectrum and demand for high data rates. It provides the benefits of both optical fiber technology and wireless techniques. Optical fiber systems provide higher data rates and very less attenuation whereas wireless technology has an edge over long distance transmissions. Nature based algorithms have become very famous to optimize certain values to achieve the desired results. However while focusing on the wired part there are some inherent deteriorating factors which does not let the system utilize its full potential. Especially during the electrical to optical conversion in the central office, phase noise processes play a dominant role leading to the deterioration of the signal. Phase noise is also knows as phase jitter. In a radio system it can severely damage the performance of the communication system making it very sensitive. Basically phase noise is a representation in the frequency domain which shows the sudden fluctuation in the frequency waveform of the signal. In radio over fiber system, phase noise processes are related to the line widths of laser diode and RF Oscillator used in signal generation process. The previous studies have analyzed the effect of line widths of both the components on the output of the system graphically. However, no concrete values were considered and the inputs were more of the random nature and the work is carried out on a single length of fiber. In this work, an efficient PSO algorithm has been applied to optimize CNR penalty of Radio over Fiber system including the effects of phase noise from laser and RF oscillator within predefined ranges of 100 to 624 MHz and 0.1 to 10 Hz respectively. The changes in the optimization function are observed along with the fiber length of 2 Km, 10 Km and 30 Km. Particle swarm optimization provides an optimum platform to get specific values of line width of RF oscillator to be around 0.1 Hz and that of laser diode around 620 MHz giving a minimized error and an efficient RoF system. The proposed algorithm provided the optimized value of 0.1001107 Hz, 0.1002415 Hz and 0.1002619 Hz for RF linewidth and the values of linewidth of laser (571.2951 MHz, 421.1735 MHz and 410.7692 MHz) for 2 Km, 10 Km and 30 Km respectively. It has been observed that carrier to noise ratio penalty responds very sensitively to a minor change in line width of radio frequency oscillator whereas the change in line width of laser diode produces a meager penalty on the output of the system. It is further observed that a small change in RF line width leads to high phase noise and changes in laser line causes a minimum effect on the same output. Radio over fiber technology opens a wide arena for various possible, probable and preferable technologies. It has a vast potential and the work for its enhancement has already started. It can be further used in satellite communications, fiber to home systems, eco friendly technology and other millimeter wave regime systems. The proposed work can be further extended to uncrowd the spectrum by making it less susceptible to noise floors and focusing more on the component enhancement even a minor degradation can be worked out.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

FINE FINISHING OF BALLS WITH BIODEGRADABLE MEDIA by Gourav Sharma

Abstract

Fine finished balls whether metallic or non-metallic have many applications mainly in moving mechanical parts, for making toys, jewellery, computer hardware, watches, etc. These balls are generally manufactured by using conventional lapping process. In this study the fine finishing of balls

has been explored by modifying an existing setup used for lapping of balls. An alternative media comprising of aloe vera and silicon carbide powder was used in place of conventional oil based media. The improved setup gave encouraging results for finishing of mild steel balls. A variety of input factors like finishing time, spring force, rotational speed of spindle, abrasive quantity have been used and their effect on intensity of finishing of balls, material removal and roundness for a given set of balls has been studied. It was found that for a given set of balls the maximum percentage improvement in surface finish achieved was 82.3%, material removal rate was 7.56 and the roundness was improved from 31μm to 9.05μm.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil [Geo-technical]

STABILISATION OF CLAYEY SOIL USING GRAPHENE OXIDE AND FLY ASH by Avtar Singh 

Abstract

Soil plays an important role in civil engineering. Properties of soil vary according to type of soil. If soil is unfit for the purpose of construction, structures constructed on itshow earlier trouble and ultimately collapse. Construction on clayey soil is difficult as this type of soil shrink & swell with differing water percentage.Generally, clayey soil has low strength and in addition to it high dampness weakness. Terrible soil subgrade can make different issues for the asphalt and structures, in this manner an appropriate adjustment system is needed. In modern world, different types of chemicals are used for stabilisation process. After studying properties of Graphene Oxide (G.O), it was concluded that G.O exhibits a proper nature for stabilization process. Main aim of this research is to evaluate performance of graphene oxide in stabilizing the soil to an optimum level. In this research, Fly Ash is also used along with G.O. According to ISCS, soil used is categorised as clayey soil with intermediate compressibility (CI). Various concentrations of G.O (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% & 1.0%) along with different proportions of fly ash (15%, 20% & 25%) were added to the soil to check compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio & Unconfined Compression strength. Results showed that with an increase in G.O concentration CBR and UCS values of soil also increases.