New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from computer

REAL-TIME EYE DETECTION AND TRACKING METHOD FOR DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM by Staffi Verma

Abstract

Road accidents happen frequently and the main cause for this is driver‟s carelessness. This carelessness occurs due to driver fatigue, driver inattention, or driver drowsiness. Detection of this driver‟s carelessness and alerting the driver at right time is the main concern so as to reduce traffic accidents. Various statistics about traffic accidents due to driver‟s drowsiness or driver‟s distraction indicates the need for an efficient system which could alert the driver before some mishap occurs. When the driver is drowsy, it affects his/her alertness mentally, which decreases his/her ability to operate on vehicle properly and increases the risk of accident or mishap to occur. The drowsiness related accidents have caused a lot of damage to nature as well as human life which could lead to death of the person or a person can become physically or mentally handicapped and many other losses like financial loss. The ultimate goal of the system is to detect drowsiness or distraction condition of driver and alert the driver during day as well as at night. Real-time video acquisition starts by setting and starting the camera. The real time video is separated into frames and stored as images by taking snapshots of real time video at a regular interval. These images are used for further processing. By using Viola Jones algorithm, eye region is detected from the image and extracted from the whole video frame to reduce computation. If the eyes are not detected, then it indicates that the driver is distracted. If the eyes are detected, then the Circular Hough Transform technique is used to find the iris part of an eye which is further used to detect drowsiness of the driver. If the iris part of an eye is detected, then eyes are open, else the eyes are closed. The closed state of eyes indicates the drowsiness of the driver. After detecting the drowsiness or distraction of the driver, the alarm is raised to alert the driver before any mishap happens as safe driving is the major concern. Since the Circular Hough Transform technique highly depends upon the edge detector results, so the efficiency of this technique is reduced on low contrast images as well as the noisy images due to missing edge points. To improve this, input given to the Circular Hough Transform technique is a histogram equalized, grayscale image followed by median filtering instead of an edge detected image. The histogram equalization improves the global contrast of image to spread out most frequent intensity values. The median filter is applied so that the edges are preserved and noise, if any, is removed from the image. The proposed system has shown an accuracy of 99% during day time and an accuracy of 96% during night time. The proposed system outperformed the existing system and would be helpful to reduce drowsiness or distraction related traffic accidents and improve road safety.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AND BIOENZYME ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL by Jagmohan Singh 

Abstract

Clays with intermediate plasticity (CI) are having very low shearing strength and low bearing capacity. Hence this type of soil is subjected to volumetric change with change in season and causes great damage to structures. The aim of present research is to increase strength of clayey soil having intermediate plasticity (CI) using baggase ash and bioanzyme (Renolith). Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. When this bagasse is burnt the resultant ash is called bagasse ash. Bio-enzyme is a natural, non toxic, non flammable, non-corrosive liquid enzyme formulation fermented from vegetable extracts that improves the engineering properties of soil, facilitates higher soil compaction densities and increases stability. In the present study the soil sample is taken from Gopalon village, district Fatehgarh Sahib. Various tests like specific gravity, liquid limit test, plastic limit test, modified proctor test, soaked CBR and UCS tests are performed on virgin soil sample and soil mixed with different proportions of bagasse ash and renolith. This soil which is taken for the study is classified as CI as per Indian Standard Classification System. In this study different ratios of baggase ash (3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15%) and bioenzymes (1%, 1.5% and 2%) of optimum dose of bagasse ash is used to stabilize the CI soil. The optimum percentage value of material used to stabilize the soil is 12% Bagasse ash and 1.5% Renolith of 12% Bagasse ash. After the addition of 12% Bagasse ash the maximum dry density decreased from 18.7 kN/m3 to 17.8 kN/m3 and optimum moisture content increased from 12% to 16%. At the optimum dosage of bagasse ash and renolith soaked CBR value is increased from 1.1% to 5.0%. The UCS value is increased from 238.5 kN/m2 to 515.6 kN/m2.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

OPTIMIZING THE PROCESS PARAMETERS IN FRICTION CRUSH WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061-T6 BY TAGUCHI METHOD by Ajay Singh Jamwal 

Abstract

Aluminum 6061 T-6 is one of the alloys of aluminum which is extensively used in aerospace industries and has a wide application in this modern age of industries such as in ship-building and defense sector. Friction crush welding (FCW) is one of the forms of friction type welding, where there is a relative movement between the tool and work-piece. During the process, the edges of the aluminum 6061 T-6 parts to be joined are set up with flanged edges and afterward put against each other. A constant feed rate is given to the rotating disc, which moves transversally along the edged of work-piece, which leads to welding. By the action of crushing certain amount of flanged material into the gap by contacting material, formation of joint takes place. Taguchi method of Design of Experiments (DOE) is used to find optimal process parameters of Friction Crush Welding (FCW). Orthogonal Array L9, Signal to Noise ratio(S/N) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are applied to analyze the impact of welding parameters (Feed rate, RPM and Profile of tool) on the weld properties like bond strength and hardness of weld surface. The experimental observation reveals that profile of rotating tool plays a vital role in deciding bond strength of the weld and its contribution is almost 72.26% while in case of hardness of weld, RPM of rotating tool contributes a maximum percentage

of 86.5%.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from production

EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES INDUCED DURING HOT ROLLING IN C45 STEEL GRADE by Balraj Singh 

Abstract

Rolling is one of the most important metal deforming operation in industry. The metal is plastically

deformed when it is passed through the combination of the rolls. By virtue of plastic deformation and the thermal gradient during cooling of rolled member residual stresses are developed. Residual stress cause the stress erosion, brittle fracture, fatigue and buckling. Effect of the residual stresses is favourable or detrimental which is determined by the nature and magnitude of the stress. In this research work, an attempt has been made to determine residual stress in rolled member analytically by finite element method and experimentally by hole drill method. A 3D finite element model of rolling process was developed to perform the structural analysis.Finite element analysis was performed with the aid of MSC-MARC software. Nature of residual stresses in longitudinal, transverse and along the thickness was determined. There is very good interrelationship between the values of residual stresses predicted by analytical and experimental method. The longitudinal residual stress distribution was non-uniform that causes the defects in rolled member. It can be concluded from the study that with increase in roller diameter and roller velocity residual stress was reduced.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Industrial

INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ABS-GRAPHENE BLENDED FEED STOCK FILAMENT FOR FDM APPLICATIONS by Gurleen Singh Sandhu 

Abstract

The thermoplastic materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Nylon etc. have large applications in three dimensional printing of functional/non-functional prototypes. Usually these polymer based prototypes lacks in thermal and electrical properties. The graphene (Gr) has attracted impressive enthusiasm in the recent past due to its natural mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. This research work presents the detailed step by step procedure (as a case study) for development of in-house ABS-Gr blended composite feed stock filament for fused deposition modelling (FDM) applications. The feed stock filament has been prepared by two different methods (mechanical and chemical mixing). For mechanical mixing twin screw extrusion (TSE) process has been used and for chemical mixing the composite of Gr in ABS matrix has been set by chemical dissolution followed by mechanical blending through TSE. Finally electrical, thermal conductivity, shore hardness and micro structural properties of composite feed stock filament prepared by two different methods have been optimized

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT ON CBR AND UCS VALUE OF SOIL WITH ADDITION OF BRICK DUST AND WASTE REFRACTORY MATERIAL by Sukhpreet Singh 

Abstract

To start any project it is necessary to know which kind of soil is exist in particular area of project. Natural soil is foundation of any structure as it lastly rest on soil and load carried by soil below the foundation of any structure. Soil present in that area should has good bearing capacity and it is stable or need to stabilize. Sandy or silty sandy soils are good for construction purposes. Clayey or silty clayey soils need to stabilize and it may be effect the cost of the project as well as time of project. Soil stabilization is done by various methods such as mechanical, cement, lime, chemical stabilization. Now-a-days different kind of waste material such as brick dust, fly ash, saw ash and stone dust are used for soil stabilization. Keeping view of this, waste material like brick dust and refractory material are used in this study to enhance the geotechnical properties of soil. Unconfined compressive strength test (UCS) and California bearing ratio test (CBR) were carried out to see improvement in the soil properties. The results of both tests showed significant increase after addition of brick dust and waste refractory material. The optimum quantity of brick dust is find out is 30% by CBR test The optimum mix of soil + brick dust + waste refractory material is 61 + 30 + 9. This will give alternate to the traditional stabilizer and also decrease the overall cost of the project

Library Notice

All readers are requested to from now all notices related to issue of books and other library services will be seen under heading LIBRARY NOTICE.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

ANALYTICAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF SOIL-FOOTING INTERACTION UNDER MACHINE LOADING by Mohit Verma 

Abstract

Every structure’s load is transferred to soil by base of structure called foundation. In general, foundation carries various types of loads like self weight of the structures, live load, wind load, earthquake load, Machine loads, etc. These loads are basically of two types in nature, one is Static load another is dynamic load. Static loads do not change their magnitudes, on other side dynamic loads are fluctuating, their magnitude varies with time so the behavior of footing under static load and dynamic load is entirely different. In a foundation system soil and foundation act as a single body. When a harmonic periodic load is applied on a foundation by a machine mounted on it. The machine foundation and soil in the vicinity to the foundation act as a single medium. The vibration of machine loading is distributed in the soil by the foundation. This principle is called soil interaction. The effect of dynamic load is not limited only to the soil in vicinity of the machine foundation. However if some independent foundation is present near the machine foundation, it also experience dynamic effect. Sometimes it has seen major changes in the structure in vicinity to machine foundation has been noticed which are main reasons for damages like tilting, cracks in plinth protection, foundation settlement, etc. In the current study effect of dynamic loading on a footing and effect on nearby secondary footing is studied. For this purpose first of all the analytical studies are carried out in the PLAXIS 2D platform. To check accuracy and practicality of results are compared with previous done experimental work reference from research done by Abhijeet Swain & Priyanka Ghosh at IIT Kanpur and published in Canadian Geotechnical Journal are taken. For analytical study modeling is done on PLAXIS 2D platform which is analyzed on appropriate scale. Same geometrical properties and same loading conditions are simulated, so that the study can be compared with experimental results. After validation various parameters like varying spacing between primary and secondary footings, varying surcharge loads on secondary footing, provision of sand drain/blankets between closely spaced footings under dynamic load, are studied. It has been observed that with increase in spacing between the footings dynamic effect of loading decreases, with increase of surcharge loading on the secondary footing also helps in reducing displacements and acceleration beneath secondary footing. With inserting sand blanket between two footing is also beneficial in reducing dynamic displacements as coarse sand is having very good damping properties, also the effect of variation in thickness of the blanket is more dominating then variation in length of the blanket. Also relation is developed between dynamic displacements under secondary footing for peak frequency at various L/T ratios (Length/Thickness) of sand blanket

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

A STUDY TO MAKE SURPLUS LYING CLAYEY SOIL SUITABLE FOR EMBANKMENT FILLS BY BLENDING IT WITH LOCAL SANDY SOIL by Pardeep Puri

Abstract

India is a developing country and lot of infrastructural works are announced by Government of India/ State Governments every year like Highways, Railways, Airports, Express Ways, Bridges, Tunnels and Buildings etc. Properties of soil changes frequently w.r.t. distance as well as depth. In certain locations the soil is soft and weak and does not possess the required engineering properties. Therefore before placing these structures on natural soil or using locally available natural soil for the above works, detailed soil investigation to know the properties of virgin soil needs to be done. To build the structures on allotted site or make use of locally available soil for overall economy of the project, stabilization of clayey or clayey silty soil needs to be done. Soil stabilization is done by various methods like mechanical stabilization cement stabilization, lime stabilization, chemical stabilization, thermal stabilization, electrical stabilization & consolidation stabilization etc. Chemical stabilization is done by making use of material like lime, fly ash, cement, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride etc. Soil stabilization of clayey soil is also done by using lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, brick kiln dust, stone quarry dust etc. A Thermal Plant namely Nabha Thermal Plant has been installed and made operational in the year 2014 by Punjab State in Village Nalash, Tehsil Rajpura District Patiala. While constructing Thermal Plant, earth to the tune of 6 lac cum had been excavated for making lake and had been dumped near the plant in the form of heaps which has occupied about 100 acres of land. Consequently this heavy chunk of land has turned into desert like situation and cannot be used for cultivation or other purposes till the dumped material is disposed off. Many infrastructure projects like Special Railway Project from Ludhiana to Kolkata called Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, Rajpura –chandigarh line and doubling of Rajpura-Bathinda lines have been announced by Govt, of India and construction works of two out of three have already been commenced recently. These projects require heavy quantum of earth for making embankments. There is scarcity of earth in this area due to high fertility of land. An effort has been made by the researcher to utilise this surplus lying earth for above civil engg. projects involving earth work in embankment by blending it with locally available sandy soil . This may save cost and create environment friendly area by converting the land again into green belt after utilisation of this surplus earth. Effect of mixing local sandy soil with clayey soil on index properties, heavy compaction and California bearing ratios, shear strength and Strain modulus (EV2) have been studied in this report. Field testing to study strain modulus (load deformation characteristics of soil at second loading cycle between 30% & 70% of maximum normal stress) on trail bed of varying thicknesses has also been done. Results show that plasticity of improved soil has decreased a lot, MDD’s & CBR’s have increased, classification of soil has changed from CH to CL, shear strength and strain modulus properties have increased. Relations between soaked CBR v/s un soaked CBR and soaked CBR v/s contents of sandy soil have also been developed to help field engineer predict the values of soaked CBR towards reduction in construction time.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

EFFECT OF CODE REVISION ON COST OF WATER TANK by Harkomal Kaur

Abstract

In present scenario structural designer are not using working stress method but limit state method is extensively used comparison to working stress method. Indian standard does not added limit state design for a very long time IS: 3370 for water tank, accepted limit state design after considering the cracking width check. In the new design provision the code has three design procedures for designing the concrete structure

which store water.

i) Working Stress Method.

ii) Limit State Design Method – Crack width check.

iii) Limit State Design Method – Deemed to satisfy.

The objectives of the present investigation were

1. Investigating, effect on materials used at component level due to revision of code.

2. Investigating, effect on cost at component level due to revision of code.

3. Proposing guidelines for designer, to obtain cost effective solution, based on IS: 3370 (2009).

In the investigation two types of tank were taken for a comparative study Circular tank, Intze tank. Circular tank is used for less capacity where as Intze tank is used for large capacity. The tanks are designed as elevated reservoir both tanks are designed by same dimensions and studied with following method.

1) Working stress method IS: 3370 (1965)

2) Working stress method IS: 3370 (2009)

3) Limit State Method of Design and checking cracking width by limit state of Serviceability IS: 3370 (2009)

4) Limit state design process by limiting steel stresses in accordance IS: 3370 (2009)

(Deemed to be satisfied) The tanks were designed by above method with different Mix design; steel used in the design is high yield strength deformed bars. All tanks were taken as 1000 m3 capacities with same dimensions for particular elements of tank, which helped to study the elements in depth and considering the change in the various parameters.

Following are the points observed in this study:-

1. Permissible stress in steel in tension according to working stress method IS: 3370 (1965) and (2009) the value of is 150 N/mm2 and 130 N/mm2 where as in limit state method IS: 3370 (2009) the value of is 130 N/mm2 . These changes the reinforcement quantity for both tanks considered in the study.

2. It has been seen that the area of reinforcement increases in intze tank and decreases in circular tank

because of less structural element. So the circular tank is considered to be the cost effecting water tank design then intze tank for the present calculated capacity.

3. The size of different member changed in the limit state design method IS: 3370 (2009) (crack width) and remained same for working stress method by IS: 3370 (1965) and IS: 3370 (2009). The requirement of area of steel increased in the working stress method IS: 3370 (2009) for intze type water tanks as the allowable stresses in steel were lower. In working stress method the stresses in members is calculated and taken from the working loads which increases the thickness and quantity of steel where as in the limit state design the load is taken from the design strength of the structure

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Production

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPEMENT OF HYBRID FEED STOCK FILAMENT OF FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING FROM RECYCLED NYLON-TiO2 (70-30%wt.) BLEND by Robin Thakur 

Abstract

Fused deposition modeling is one of the established RP processes having ability to produce functional parts with the complex geometrical designs. In the past 20 years lot of work has been carried out on the FDM process. But hitherto no work has been reported for the FDM process on the in house developed FDM filament on the recycled Nyoln-TiO2 (70-30%wt.) blend. In the present work an attempt has been made for controlling the process parameters of twin screw extruder for the in-house production of reinforced Nylon-TiO2 FDM filament. The present research work has been performed on recycled Nylon-TiO2 (70-30%wt.) blend (using twin screw extruder) by considering the three output parameters (temperature of the barrel, rpm of the screw and load applied to the extrusion process). Investigations were performed to check the influence of process parameters on mechanical and metallurgical properties (like: tensile strength, Break strength, Peak load). The results are supported by photomicrographs

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Production

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCOMPATIBLE FEEDSTOCK FILAMENT COMPRISING OF PVC, PP AND HAp FOR FDM by Nishant Rajan 

Abstract

Twin-screw extrusion (TSE) is one of the commercially established processes for reinforcement of metallic/non metallic/ ceramic fillers in polymer matrix. In this study, biocompatible feedstock filament has been prepared (in-house) for commercial fused deposition modelling (FDM) setup with biocompatible grade polymers, namely: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) which is reinforced with the Hydroxyapatite (HAp). In this study, mechanical, thermal and metallurgical properties have been established and best-feed stock filament wire for development of partial/complete denture on the FDM with functionally graded surfaces properties have been recommended for future applications. The process parameters were optimized using Minitab software based on Taguchi L18 orthogonal array and results are supported by photomicrographs.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Production

INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOMENT OF 3D SCAFFOLDS BY USING IN-HOUSE FDM FILAMENT COMPRISING OF PVC, PP and HAp by Ravinder Sharma 

Abstract

The fused deposition modelling (FDM) has emerged as one of the most widely used process for fabrication of 3D functional/non-functional prototypes. The process has been commercially used for various applications in the field of architectural, structural or biomedical engineering (with the aid of various commercially available polymeric materials like ABS, Nylon etc.). All these filaments are available in market ‘as patented material’ and thus add to high cost of the final product (especially, when one is interested in bio-compatible features of the polymeric materials). In this present research work an effort has been made to develop a bio-compatible FDM filament comprising of PVC, PP and HAp, which has been further used to fabricate 3D porous structures. The various input process parameters of FDM (like: infill percentage, layer thickness, and deposition speed) were selected and their effects have been studied with the help of design of experimentation. Further theses process parameters have been optimised for various mechanical, dimensional, surface and thermal properties using analysis of variance. The results of the study highlighted that the infill density and layer thickness have majorly contributed towards the tensile properties (peak load, break load, peak elongation, break elongation and yield stress), whereas infill percentage has major contribution on the surface roughness and hardness of the fabricated parts. The deposition speed has least effect on the mechanical and surface properties of the specimens. The dimensional accuracy has been majorly affected by the deposition speed of the FDM. The SEM microphotographs show that the FDM fabricated 3D structures are having open porous and fibrous structure and hence can be applied for bio-medical applications. Finally the thermal analysis (on DSC) ensures the thermal stability of the material for dental applications.