New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electronics

TRAFFIC SPLITTING IN HYBRID VIRTUAL-MIMO SYSTEMS by Pawanjot Kaur

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become an inextricable part of contemporary era. At the same time, MIMO technology has also been regarded as beneficial due to various advantages offered by it. Ergo, with the collaboration of these two concepts, virtual-MIMO came into existence. This collaboration overcame the major problem of WSNs, energy limitation. V-MIMO has been proved highly effective to increase the network lifetime along with the given constraints of BER, transmission energy and received energy. After several years of its efficient use, hybrid virtual- MIMO system has been developed which utilizes V-MISO and V-SIMO along with V-MIMO, according to the requirement. HV-MIMO provides flexibility to the user as compared to V-MIMO where user is bounded to use only MIMO topology in every hop which sometimes increases the complexity of system. Also, in less dense networks, it is difficult for source node to determine multiple neighbouring nodes. However, HV-MIMO is efficient in all kind of networks because in this system V-MISO and V-SIMO topologies can also be used. This thesis deals with the improvement in HV-MIMO system with the help of traffic splitting which helps to lower the complexity of the system. Delay and throughput are two main parameters which get affected by splitting of traffic. A significant reduction of 50.4% in delay is achieved as compared to V-MIMO system. Similarly, throughput is increased by 15.4 % as compared to conventional V-MIMO systems. Thus, the proposed work would be highly useful for real time applications which need quick transmission and

retrieval of data such as health monitoring and camera surveillance systems.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electrical

DESIGN AND FEASIBILITY OF MICRO HYBRID BIOMASS PLANT USING MAGNETO HYDRODYNAMIC GENERATOR AND THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR by Mandeep Kaur 

Abstract

Due to modernization, the power demand is increasing day by day resulting in a wide gap between supply and power demands. Efforts may be oriented towards the search of new sources of energy and has led to the growth of other non conventional methods using renewable sources. As a result, rush to

biomass systems have been promoted around the globe at a very large scale as biomass is used as a raw material either in primary or secondary processing units. Nevertheless, plants using biomass as raw material are promoting problems like carbon dioxide emissions and methane gas emission which are threat to earth’s ozone layer. High ash content and heat release to environment are the harmful effects of biomass plant. In order to get optimal generation conditions, cogeneration of biomass plant is done so as to provide clean energy to environment. For this reason, biomass cogeneration is done using MHD generator, thermoelectric generator so as to increase the reliability and efficiency of the system. Normally the efficiency of boiler is 25-35% but by using the cogeneration, efficiency has increased to 65-85% because flue gases obtained from burning of raw material are cycled again to boiler after passing through MHD and TEG generator. As a result the boiler will need less energy to increase its internal temperature thereby increasing the efficiency of boiler. The flue gases obtained after burning the fuel in boiler is fed to TEG, from where they move to MHD generator. The seeding material is added as the flue gases enter the MHD generator so as to increase the electrical conductivity of the gas. Now, again the flue gases are fed to boiler and consequently the cycle is completed. The output from TEG is utilized by the cogeneration plant itself, so as to fulfill power requirements of the plant such as in cooling systems; fans etc. leading to less power consumption. The other two outputs i.e. from turbine and MHD generator are fed to the grid so as to meet the power demands.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Electrical

CONDITION MONITORING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS: A CASE STUDY OF VARIOUS SUBSTATIONS IN THE STATE OF PUNJAB by Inderpreet Kaur

Abstract

Power transformers have limited life. They are essential components of substations. Transformers do not have any moving parts except cooling fans or tap changers. Whatever outages are there, they are not because of wear out. Reason behind them is deterioration of insulation caused due to electrical, thermal, mechanical stresses .These stresses and presence of oxygen, moisture deteriorates insulation over a period of time .If these failures can be minimised, huge revenues can be saved. For that purpose, various factors responsible for ageing have been studied. Ageing is a chemical reaction due to thermal, electrical and mechanical stresses. These chemical reactions lead to products which help in determining the health of transformer. For example cellulose deterioration reduces degree of polymerization which is related to thermal ageing. There are certain other products like carbon dioxide, water, 2furfuraldehyde, 2acetylfuran, furfurylalcohol, 5hydroxymethyl2furfuraldehyde. Hence, extent of insulation damage can be predicted from these products. These degradation products affect physical properties of oil and paper. Over the years a number of techniques have been developed to find the remnant life of transformer. Laboratories have been using DGA and furan to find out condition and age of transformer. In the present study, all physical properties which are likely to be affected by degradation like breakdown voltage, tensile strength, viscosity, tensile strength, flash point, pour point, tan delta, degree of polymerization have been studied of the transformer oil samples of different substations in Punjab. Different gases like CO2, CO, Ethane, Ethylene, etc are formed and furan derivatives dissolved in oil. Their analysis by comparing them with past data has been very informative for calculating the age. DGA has been carried out on aged samples to find the incipient faults.DGA has turned out as life saving techniques for condition monitoring of transformers. Furan analysis has been very useful in projecting the age of transformer. Cellulosic paper degrades and form furan compounds. Cellulose consists of long chain of molecules. Due to paper degradation, they become susceptible to damages. Scientists have given different formulas for finding out age. In this work, CHENDONG’S formula have been used as it has been find out to be most accurate.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from civil

C.B.R. IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYEY SOIL MIXED WITH LIME AND BAGASSE ASH by Sonam Kaur 

Abstract

Clayey soil consists Illite mineral, which expands or shrinks when it comes in contact with moisture. Many cracks appear on the structure, which is founded on this type of soil. The clayey soil possesses low strength and excessive volume change. Civil Engineers face lot of problems in the field during and after construction of structure on clayey soil. Therefore, such soils needs to be stabilized before any construction on this type of soil. Various admixtures like lime fly ash, bagasse ash and cement commonly are being used for stabilization of clayey soil. In this work, strength of soil is improved by adding bagasse ash and lime. Effect of different mix proportions of lime and bagasse ash on compaction characteristics and strength properties as CBR of soil is observed in this study. The soil was stabilised with 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% of lime and 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% of bagasse ash. All stabilised sample was soaked for four days and then cured for 3 days. It observed that MDD decreased by 11% with increase of 7% lime and 20% BA. However, OMC increased from 16% to 19% and CBR increased from 2.5% to 14% with a combination of 7% lime and 20% BA. The CBR start decreasing with further increase of lime and bagasse. It is concluded that a optimum combination lime and bagasse ash can improve the strength (CBR) of clayey soil with medium plasticity. In the present study the flexible pavement was designed as per IRC 37: 2012, and observed that about 17% of total thickness of flexible pavement may be reduced if the clayey soil is stabilized with lime and bagasse ash. More over waste material like bagasse ash may be utilised in pavement effectively without detoriation of environment.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Env. civil

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN VEGETABLES OF LUDHIANA, PUNJAB by Usha Kumari 

Abstract

Vegetables (Spinach, Cauliflower and Fenugreek) from the production and market sites of Ludhiana, India were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead & Zinc) concentrations by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Samples of Irrigation water and soil were also analyzed. Results from the study shown significant variation in concentration of metals among three different analyzed vegetables. Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables, irrigation water and soil from site-1 showed higher levels of pollution than site-2. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables of production site-1 exceeded vegetables of production site-2 by 36%. Order of metals concentration in vegetables from production site-1 as- Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cd > Cu & from production site-2 as- Zn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cu > Cd. Concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in vegetables of production sites were several times greater than the joint WHO/FAO standard limits. Range for concentration of noxious metals- Cd, Cr and Pb in vegetable samples of production site-1 as Cd (0.05-13.15mg/kg), Cr (0.5-13.95mg/kg) and Pb (25.50-48.50mg/kg) and for production site-2 Cd (0-4.90mg/kg), Cr (0-27.70mg/kg) and Pb (6.20-46.35mg/kg). The average concentration of other metals Cu, Zn and Ni for both sites was within in limit except Zn mean concentration (64.40 mg/kg) in spinach for site-2 had exceeded limits. Study reveals that the pollution of ground water which is used for irrigation at both sites ascribed from the polluted nala (located alongside of both sampling fields), atmospheric deposition & agricultural activities. Study moreover shown that; there was a significant variation in heavy metals concentration of market sites vegetables to that of production sites. Study revealed that vegetables marketing methods plays a substantial role in elevated level for heavy metal pollution which can posture a danger to vegetables quality with impacts for consumer’s health from locally cultivated crops. Results determine that all vegetables of both production sites have different-2 percentage increase for heavy metals accumulation at market site which might be because of atmospheric deposition. The percentage increase in amount of metals in vegetables of market sites changed with vegetable types and climatic condition. Variations in concentrations of metals in vegetables studied for market sites might be because of dissimilar absorption rate of vegetable species for contaminants settled down from air. Daily heavy metals ingestion through vegetables intake shows higher contribution to diet. The contributions of market site-1 and market site-2 vegetables to dietary ingestion of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc for market site-1 was 19 %, 58 %, 0.12 %, 7%, 43% and 0.23% respectively and for market site-2 was 10 %, 59 %, 0.06%, 2%, 25% and 0.16% respectively to Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI). Both production sites vegetables have high content of poisonous metals. Thus intake of studied vegetables along with higher contents of toxic heavy metals might be the source of high quantity of metal accumulation to body resulting health hazard. Therefore study suggested that regular monitoring of vegetables cultivated in studied locations is compulsory in turns to decrease human health

risk.

New M.Tech. Thesis Submitted from Env. civil

Biodiesel Production Using Waste Cooking Oil: A Waste to Energy Conversion (W.T.E.) Strategy by Sonal Tripathi

Abstract

Energy is the most crucial element that is required for the life to exist on the planet earth. The contribution of the energy for the mankind to flourish is indispensable. With the widespread advent of urbanization and globalization the world’s population has risen at a very distressing rate. Such change has led to the obvious ramification which is the tremendous increase in energy demand to carry out various life processes. A gigantic part of this ever increasing demand is served by the energy derived from the fossil reserves. This source contributes a gargantuan sum to cater the energy needs of the mankind. However, these reserves are depleting at a very rapid pace since the exploitation of such resources have escalated drastically. It is thus estimated that a stage would arrive in the near future that will result in the rapid downfall of the availability of these reserves due to the complete exhaustion. The outbreak of the energy thirst has emphasized upon the need for an alternative option for the energy source that is technologically feasible and environmentally viable. The use of indigenous components such as biomass has paved the way for the development of biofuels. According to India’s Biofuel policy, biodiesel can be used in order to augment the fuels utilized basically for transportation. This can envisage the energy security of India by inculcating the usage of biodiesel as a fuel source. Biodiesel production can provide certain opportunities such as employment to the rural population, declination in the import and export costs and a reasonable option during energy crisis. Vegetable oils are commonly used to produce biodiesel. Utilizing such sources can have a devastating effect on the food v/s fuel security. As a mitigation measure to such impediment we can utilize the waste to produce biodiesel which is considered as the Waste-To-Energy Conversion Strategy. The waste can be the oil that is disposed after being utilized for cooking purpose that is dumped and therefore created nuisance to the environment. As a whole, utilizing used cooking oil as a raw material for producing biodiesel can be considered as a justifiable option for the curtailment of the problems arising due to the improper waste management of such oils.